tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50306368832120094272024-02-19T01:27:59.576-08:00EXPLORE THE SCIENCE AND SPACE WITH MEIt's all about Science & Technology even cosmos(Universe); Here you will find latest research going on in scientific world & Upcoming future aspect and Technologies like Biotechnology ,Nanotechnology , AI , transhumanism ,Anti-Aging ,cancer Stem cell , Quantum physics.......list goes on I'll hope you will enjoy in the ocean of Science & TechnologyAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.comBlogger222125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-88431329127312107502014-07-13T06:35:00.000-07:002014-07-14T01:23:56.633-07:00 THE HUNT FOR LIFE BEYOND EARTH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span class="sml">THE HUNT FOR</span>
<span class="med">LIFE</span>
<span class="med">BEYOND</span>
<span class="lrg">EARTH</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;">IS THERE LIFE POSSIBLE ON ANY OTHER PLANET OTHER THAN THE EARTH</span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;">ARE WE ALONE IN THIS </span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;">WHOLE UNIVERSE ?<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">PERHAPS THERE IS SOMETHING WE STILL DON'T KNOW </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">I THINK EVERYBODY OF US USED TO ASK THIS QUESTIONS AND STILL WAITING FOR ANSWER CURIOUSLY & SO MIGHT BE ONE DAY WE HOPEFULLY WILL REVEALED THIS MYSTERY THAT HAS PUZZLED US FROM LONG AGO . ISN'T IT ?</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">BUT WE HAVE MADE APPROACH TO SOME EXTENT AND WE HAVE GOT SOME EVIDENCE THROUGH THE ADVANCEMENT MADE IN "ASTRO-BIOLOGY" THAT MAKE US TO THINK THAT THE LIFE CAN BE POSSIBLE ELSEWHERE </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">Below this post one of the Amazing & best of all time documentary that is also one of the NOVA series that I've seen has been embedded Hopefully you Like it .</span></span></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span class="watch-title long-title " dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Finding Life Beyond Earth Are we Alone? NOVA HD Full Documentary">Finding Life Beyond Earth Are we Alone? NOVA HD </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="lrg" style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1>
<br /><span class="lrg"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnxOP6Z8hK0zEiB_Am5uxajzT94alXD16TTEJaW7q36XnINqiAv4xizfcMeRUTAATyDHefpTr9cYSwuyFC1-_aty9UNjGzrw4AHucY8IXD2IDEeYjbSYQYftjTUtTb59Nyjbd1JVUwn18/s1600/Mark+Thiessen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnxOP6Z8hK0zEiB_Am5uxajzT94alXD16TTEJaW7q36XnINqiAv4xizfcMeRUTAATyDHefpTr9cYSwuyFC1-_aty9UNjGzrw4AHucY8IXD2IDEeYjbSYQYftjTUtTb59Nyjbd1JVUwn18/s1600/Mark+Thiessen.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</span></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5kdDy_D7SeUtyoiKj4LCTAB4MJcd9Qs4N6aRM4WnPh0Bjmz1yRJReezrxqaTVGrvWPF0ecC9NUlZ1zWdwoqi7CuoaiFg6o1MiGEYgWeBWc7_kxuaEmEgubBpSydTfqQJ7iqIzDlnSgTQ/s1600/kevin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5kdDy_D7SeUtyoiKj4LCTAB4MJcd9Qs4N6aRM4WnPh0Bjmz1yRJReezrxqaTVGrvWPF0ecC9NUlZ1zWdwoqi7CuoaiFg6o1MiGEYgWeBWc7_kxuaEmEgubBpSydTfqQJ7iqIzDlnSgTQ/s1600/kevin.jpg" height="357" width="640" /></a></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #20124d;">
<span class="lrg"></span></span><span style="color: #20124d;"> </span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: #20124d;">By <span class="gray">Michael D. Lemonick</span> Photographs by <span class="gray">Mark Thiessen</span></span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: #20124d; font-size: x-large;"><span class="gray"> </span></span></h1>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span class="lede">An electronic signal</span></b> </span> <span style="font-size: large;">travels <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=from" target="_blank" title="Search: from">from</a> NASA's <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_11">Jet Propulsion</span> Lab in Pasadena, California, <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> a robotic rover clinging <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> the underside of foot-thick ice on an Alaskan lake. The rover's spotlight begins <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> glow. "It worked!" exclaims John Leichty, a young JPL engineer huddled in a tent on the lake ice nearby. It may not <a class="cr_it_item tooltipstered" data-text="sound" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="cr_it_item_0">sound</a> like a technological tour de force, but this could be the first <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_5">small step</span> toward the exploration of a distant moon. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">More than 4,000 miles <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> the south, geomicrobiologist Penelope Boston sloshes through murky, calf-deep water in a pitch-<span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_8">dark cavern</span>
in Mexico, more than 50 feet underground. Like the other scientists
with her, Boston wears an industrial-strength respirator and carries a
canister of spare air <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> cope with the poisonous hydrogen sulfide and <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_7">carbon monoxide</span>
gases that frequently permeate the cave. The rushing water around her
feet is laced with sulfuric acid. Suddenly her headlamp illuminates an
elongated droplet of thick, semitransparent fluid oozing <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=from" target="_blank" title="Search: from">from</a> the chalky, crumbling wall. "Isn't it cute?" she exclaims. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">These two sites—a frozen Arctic lake and a toxic tropical cave—could provide clues <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
one of the oldest, most compelling mysteries on Earth: Is there life
beyond our planet? Life on other worlds, whether in our own solar system
or orbiting distant stars, might well have <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
survive in ice-covered oceans, like those on Jupiter's moon Europa, or
in sealed, gas-filled caves, which could be plentiful on Mars. If you
can figure out how <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
isolate and identify life-forms that thrive in similarly extreme
surroundings on Earth, you're a step ahead in searching for life
elsewhere.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="vert-right-img">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img class="vert-right lazy-loaded" src="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/images/MM8277_130730_00239_v.jpg" data-src="./images/MM8277_130730_00239_v.jpg" height="640" width="426" /></div>
<div class="article-caption-int right" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) inspect a
probe like one that might someday travel beneath the ice of Jupiter's
moon Europa.
</b></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span id="goog_870916006"></span><span id="goog_870916007"></span> <br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It's difficult <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> pin down when the search for life among the stars morphed <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=from" target="_blank" title="Search: from">from</a> science fiction <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
science, but one key milestone was an astronomy meeting in November
1961. It was organized by Frank Drake, a young radio astronomer who was
intrigued with the idea of searching for alien radio transmissions. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When he called the meeting, the search for
extraterrestrial intelligence, or SETI, "was essentially taboo in
astronomy," Drake, now 84, remembers. But with his lab director's
blessing, he brought in a handful of astronomers, chemists, biologists,
and engineers, including a young planetary scientist named Carl Sagan, <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> discuss what is now called astrobiology, the <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_2">science of life</span> beyond Earth. In particular, Drake wanted some expert help in deciding how sensible it might be <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> devote significant radio telescope time <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> listening for alien broadcasts and what might be the most promising way <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
search. How many civilizations might reasonably be out there? he
wondered. So before his guests arrived, he scribbled an equation on the
blackboard. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">That scribble, now famous as the Drake equation, lays out a
process for answering his question. You start out with the formation
rate of sunlike stars in the Milky Way, then multiply that by the
fraction of such stars that have planetary systems. Take the resulting
number and multiply that by the number of life-friendly planets on
average in each such system—planets, that is, that are about the size of
Earth and orbit at the right distance <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=from" target="_blank" title="Search: from">from</a> their star <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> be hospitable <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
life. Multiply that by the fraction of those planets where life arises,
then by the fraction of those where life evolves intelligence, and then
by the fraction of those that might develop the technology <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> emit radio signals we could detect.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNORwFjK5ySmjtQZOSCzoqg-hW5g_qU7oeW0efCd6EHelBNHsNMTA-IOy4GhhSAzvUcQckxqmZEZfdvhUfhDKvYZsVKoLdYgTtr6-Zjaiv36TvvSTwuhKl8hbrGjHht6ALDBzVHx2i1Y/s1600/frank.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNORwFjK5ySmjtQZOSCzoqg-hW5g_qU7oeW0efCd6EHelBNHsNMTA-IOy4GhhSAzvUcQckxqmZEZfdvhUfhDKvYZsVKoLdYgTtr6-Zjaiv36TvvSTwuhKl8hbrGjHht6ALDBzVHx2i1Y/s1600/frank.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJSHeCY5rEABFppOlqZ2mH2jCrWrjP7k1iA23CUzRQAPEqta9rgEV4bU4ncoPvNzJyM-D-N5IkNjk2eGRKIOIYSmAdB3e98crdIdr41I8w0yIR-vY-CxDY3dexkOCb2FVEZc1Fh01jKP8/s1600/drake.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJSHeCY5rEABFppOlqZ2mH2jCrWrjP7k1iA23CUzRQAPEqta9rgEV4bU4ncoPvNzJyM-D-N5IkNjk2eGRKIOIYSmAdB3e98crdIdr41I8w0yIR-vY-CxDY3dexkOCb2FVEZc1Fh01jKP8/s1600/drake.png" height="66" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">
</span><br />
<div class="article-caption-int" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">The Drake equation, formulated in
1961, estimates the number of alien civilizations we could detect.
Recent discoveries of numerous planets in the Milky Way have raised the
odds.</span></b></div>
<div class="article-caption-int">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The final step: Multiply the number of radio-savvy civilizations by the average time they're likely <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> keep broadcasting or even <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> survive. If such advanced societies typically blow themselves up in a nuclear holocaust just a few decades after developing <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_6">radio technology</span>, for example, there would probably be very few <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> listen for at any given time. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The equation made perfect sense, but there
was one problem. Nobody had a clue what any of those fractions or
numbers were, except for the very first variable in the equation: the
formation rate of sunlike stars. The rest was pure guesswork. If SETI
scientists managed <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
snag an extraterrestrial radio signal, of course, these uncertainties
wouldn't matter. But until that happened, experts on every item in the
Drake equation would have <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> try <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> fill it in by nailing down the numbers—by finding the occurrence rate for planets around sunlike stars or by trying <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> solve the mystery of how life took root on Earth. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It would be a third of a century before scientists could even begin <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
put rough estimates into the equation. In 1995 Michel Mayor and Didier
Queloz of the University of Geneva detected the first planet orbiting a
sunlike star outside our solar system. That world, known as 51 Pegasi b,
about 50 light-years <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=from" target="_blank" title="Search: from">from</a>
Earth, is a huge, gaseous blob about half the size of Jupiter, with an
orbit so tight that its "year" is only four days long and its <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_12">surface temperature</span> close <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> 2000°F. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Nobody thought for a moment <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_4">that life</span>
could ever take hold in such hellish conditions. But the discovery of
even a single planet was an enormous breakthrough. Early the next year
Geoffrey Marcy, then at <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_3">San Francisco</span>
State University and now at UC Berkeley, would lead his own team in
finding a second extrasolar planet, then a third. After that, the
floodgates opened. <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">To</a> date, astronomers have confirmed nearly two thousand so-called exoplanets, ranging in size <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=from" target="_blank" title="Search: from">from</a> smaller than Earth <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
bigger than Jupiter; thousands more—most found by the exquisitely
sensitive Kepler space telescope, which went into orbit in 2009—await
confirmation. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">None of these planets is an exact match for
Earth, but scientists are confident they'll find one that is before too
long. Based on the discoveries of somewhat larger planets made <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
date, astronomers recently calculated that more than a fifth of stars
like the sun harbor habitable, Earthlike planets. Statistically
speaking, the nearest one could be a mere 12 light-years away, which is
practically next door in cosmic terms. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">That's good <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=news" target="_blank" title="Search: news">news</a> for astrobiologists. But in recent years planet hunters have realized that there's no reason <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> limit their search <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
stars just like our sun. "When I was in high school," says David
Charbonneau, an astronomer at Harvard, "we were taught that Earth orbits
an average star. But that's a lie." In fact, about 80 percent of the
stars in the Milky Way are small, cool, dim, reddish bodies known as M
dwarfs. If an Earthlike planet circled an M dwarf at the right
distance—it would have <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> be closer in than the Earth is <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a> our sun <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=to" target="_blank" title="Search: to">to</a>
avoid being too cold—it could provide a place where life could gain a
foothold just as easily as on an Earthlike planet orbiting a sunlike
star. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Moreover, scientists now believe a planet
doesn't have to be the same size as Earth to be habitable. "If you ask
me," says Dimitar Sasselov, another Harvard astronomer, "anywhere <a class="sni17aintx" href="http://search.conduit.com/Results.aspx?ctid=CT3327494&searchsource=55&UM=2&q=from" target="_blank" title="Search: from">from</a>
one to five Earth masses is ideal." In short, the variety of habitable
planets and the stars they might orbit is likely to be far greater than
what Drake and his fellow conferees conservatively assumed at that
meeting back in 1961. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<img class="lazy-loaded" src="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/images/VLPC1C_3highres-cropped.jpg" data-src="./images/VLPC1C_3highres-cropped.jpg" height="440" width="640" />
<br />
<div class="article-caption-int">
</div>
<div class="article-caption-int">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><i>A microbe retrieved in 2013 from Lake
Whillans, half a mile beneath the Antarctic ice, reveals life's ability
to take hold even in the most extreme environments. </i><span class="credit"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="article-caption-int">
<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><span class="credit">TRISTA Vick-Majors and PAMELA SantibÁÑez, Priscu Research Group, Montana State University, Bozeman</span></span></span></div>
<div class="article-caption-int">
<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><span class="credit"> </span></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">That's not all: It turns out that the range
of temperatures and chemical environments where extremophilic organisms
might be able to thrive is also greater than anyone at Drake's meeting
could have imagined. In the 1970s oceanographers such as National
Geographic <a class="cr_it_item tooltipstered" data-text="Explorer" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="cr_it_item_1">Explorer</a>-in-Residence
Robert Ballard discovered superheated gushers, known as hydrothermal
vents, nourishing a rich ecosystem of bacteria. Feasting on <span class="ivuu0r13ye3j" id="ivuu0r13ye3j_9">hydrogen sulfide</span>
and other chemicals dissolved in the water, these microbes in turn feed
higher organisms. Scientists have also found life-forms that flourish
in hot springs, in frigid lakes thousands of feet below the surface of
the Antarctic ice sheet, in highly acidic or highly alkaline or
extremely salty or radioactive locations, and even in minute cracks in
solid rock a mile or more underground. "On Earth these are niche
environments," says Lisa Kaltenegger, who holds joint appointments at
Harvard and the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg,
Germany. "But on another planet you can easily envision that they could
be dominant scenarios." </span><br />
<br />
<b><span class="lede" style="font-size: x-large;">The one factor that</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">
biologists argue is critical for life as we know it is water in liquid
form—a powerful solvent capable of transporting dissolved nutrients to
all parts of an organism. In our own solar system we've known since the
Mariner 9 Mars orbiter mission in 1971 that water once likely flowed
freely on the red planet. So life might have existed there, at least in
microbial form—and it's plausible that remnants of that life could still
endure underground, where liquid water may linger. Jupiter's moon
Europa also shows cracks in its relatively young, ice-covered
surface—evidence that beneath the ice lies an ocean of liquid water. At a
half billion miles or so from the sun, Europa's water should be frozen
solid. But this moon is constantly flexing under the tidal push and pull
of Jupiter and several of its other moons, generating heat that could
keep the water below liquid. In theory, life could exist in that water
too. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In 2005 NASA's Cassini spacecraft spotted
jets of water erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus; subsequent
measurements by the spacecraft reported in April of this year confirm an
underground source of water on that moon as well. Scientists still
don't know how much water might be under Enceladus's icy shell, however,
or whether it's been liquid long enough to permit life to exist. The
surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has rivers, lakes, and rain.
But Titan's meteorological cycle is based on liquid hydrocarbons such as
methane and ethane, not water. Something might be alive there, but what
it would be like is very hard to guess. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Mars is far more Earthlike, and far closer,
than any of these distant moons. The search for life has driven
virtually every mission to the red planet. The NASA rover Curiosity is
currently exploring Gale crater, where a huge lake sat billions of years
ago and where it's now clear that the chemical environment would have
been hospitable to microbes, if they existed.</span><br />
<br />
<img class="lazy-loaded" src="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/images/MM8277_20131219_03128.jpg" data-src="./images/MM8277_20131219_03128.jpg" height="704" width="1024" />
<br />
<div class="article-caption-int">
</div>
<div class="article-caption-int">
<span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Penelope Boston of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Technology and the National Cave and Karst Research Institute captures a
drop of biofilm from the Cueva de Villa Luz ("cave of the lighted
house") in Mexico. The viscous goo—dubbed a snottite—harbors bacteria
that derive energy from hydrogen sulfide within the toxic cave.
Life-forms in such extreme ecosystems serve as earthly analogues for
organisms that might thrive in extraterrestrial environments. </i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="article-caption-int">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A cave in Mexico isn't Mars, of course, and a
lake in northern Alaska isn't Europa. But it's the search for
extraterrestrial life that has taken JPL astrobiologist Kevin Hand and
the other members of his team, including John Leichty, to Sukok Lake, 20
miles from Barrow, Alaska. The same quest has lured Penelope Boston and
her colleagues multiple times to the poisonous Cueva de Villa Luz, a
cave near Tapijulapa in Mexico. Both sites let the researchers test new
techniques for searching for life in environments that are at least
broadly similar to what space probes might encounter. In particular,
they're looking for biosignatures—visual or chemical clues that signal
the presence of life, past or present, in places where scientists won't
have the luxury of doing sophisticated laboratory experiments. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Take the Mexican cave. Orbiting spacecraft
have shown that caves do exist on Mars, and they're just the sorts of
places where microbes might have taken refuge when the planet lost its
atmosphere and surface water some three billion years ago. Such Martian
cave dwellers would have had to survive on an energy source other than
sunlight—like the dripping ooze that has Boston so enchanted. The
scientists refer to these unlovely droplets as "snottites." One of
thousands in the cave, varying in length from a fraction of an inch to a
couple of feet, it does look uncannily like mucus. It's actually a
biofilm, a community of microbes bound together in a viscous, gooey
blob. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #666666;">The snottite microbes are chemotrophs,
Boston explains. "They oxidize hydrogen sulfide—that's their only
energy source—and they produce this goo as part of their lifestyle." </span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Snottites are just one of the microbial
communities that exist here. Boston, of the New Mexico Institute of
Mining and Technology and the National Cave and Karst Research
Institute, says that all told there are about a dozen communities of
microbes in the cave. "Each one has a very distinct physical appearance.
Each one is tapping into different nutrient systems." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">One of these communities is especially
intriguing to Boston and her colleagues. It doesn't form drips or blobs
but instead makes patterns on the cave walls, including spots, lines,
and even networks of lines that look almost like hieroglyphics.
Astrobiologists have come to call these patterns biovermiculations, or
bioverms for short, from the word "vermiculation," meaning decorated
with "irregular patterns of lines, as though made by worm tracks."</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJJXqSycldbMJVSbzEXOMhQD5ctZLoVICurThjT24aNeKtF8PrMZowUN_ImoZ6k0ioe0SgI1mMC5D9Yh-HeZPDcmc2JvoLZ1W3e84bYYkXw0yukFGm0XT_9GRcqTW_Tw27KjOFcNRg9b4/s1600/snottites1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJJXqSycldbMJVSbzEXOMhQD5ctZLoVICurThjT24aNeKtF8PrMZowUN_ImoZ6k0ioe0SgI1mMC5D9Yh-HeZPDcmc2JvoLZ1W3e84bYYkXw0yukFGm0XT_9GRcqTW_Tw27KjOFcNRg9b4/s1600/snottites1.jpg" height="640" width="425" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="article-shell">
<div class="article-main">
<div class="article-body">
<span style="font-size: large;">It turns out that patterns like these aren't
made only by microorganisms growing on cave walls. "It happens on a
variety of different scales, usually in places where some resource is in
short supply," says Keith Schubert, a Baylor University engineer who
specializes in imaging systems and who came to Cueva de Villa Luz to set
up cameras for long-term monitoring inside the cave. Grasses and trees
in arid regions create bioverm patterns as well, says Schubert. So do
soil crusts, which are communities of bacteria, mosses, and lichens that
cover the ground in deserts.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If this hypothesis holds up—and it's still
only a hypothesis—then Boston, Schubert, and other scientists who are
documenting bioverms may have found something crucially important. Until
now, many of the markers of life astrobiologists have looked for are
gases, like oxygen, that are given off by organisms on Earth. But life
that produces an oxygen biosignature may be only one kind among many.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">"What excites me about bioverms," says
Boston, "is that we've seen them at all these different scales and in
all these wildly different environments, and yet the characters of the
patterns are very similar." It's highly plausible, she and Schubert
believe, that these patterns, based on simple rules of growth and
competition for resources, could be literally a universal signature of
life. In caves, moreover, even when the microbial communities die, they
leave the patterns behind. If a rover should see something like this on
the wall of a Martian cave, says Schubert, "it could direct you where to
focus your attention."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span class="lede" style="font-size: x-large;">At the opposite end</span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></b> of North America, the scientists and engineers shivering at Sukok Lake
are on a similar mission. They're working at two different locations on
the lake, one next to a cluster of three small tents the scientists have
dubbed "Nasaville," and the other, with just a single tent, about a
half mile away as the crow flies. Because methane gas bubbling from the
lake bottom churns up the water, ice has a hard time forming in some
places. To snowmobile from one camp to the other, the scientists have to
take a curving, indirect route to avoid a potentially fatal dunking.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">It was the methane that first drew the
scientists to Sukok and other nearby Alaska lakes back in 2009. This
common hydrocarbon gas is generated by microbes, known collectively as
methanogens, that decompose organic matter, making it another potential
biosignature astrobiologists could look for on other worlds. But methane
also comes from volcanic eruptions and other nonbiological sources, and
it forms naturally in the atmosphere of giant planets like Jupiter as
well as on Saturn's moon Titan. So it's crucial that scientists be able
to distinguish biological methane from its nonbiological cousin. If
you're focused on ice-covered Europa, as Kevin Hand is, ice-covered,
methane-rich Sukok Lake isn't a bad place to get your feet wet—as long
as you don't do it literally.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Hand, a National Geographic emerging <a class="cr_it_item tooltipstered" data-text="explorer" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="cr_it_item_2">explorer</a>,
favors Europa over Mars as a place to do astrobiology, for one key
reason. Suppose we do go to Mars, he says, and find living organisms in
the subsurface that are DNA based, like life on Earth. That could mean
that DNA is a universal molecule of life, which is certainly possible.
But it could also mean that life on Earth and life on Mars share a
common origin. We know for certain that rocks blasted off the surface of
Mars by asteroid impacts have ended up on Earth. It's also likely that
Earth rocks have traveled to Mars. If living microbes were trapped
inside such spacefaring rocks and survived the journey, which is at
least plausible, they could have seeded whichever planet they ended up
on. "If life on Mars were found to be DNA based," says Hand, "I think we
would have some confusion as to whether or not that was a separate
origin of DNA." But Europa is vastly farther away. If life were found
there, it would point to a second, independent origin—even if it were
DNA based.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Europa certainly seems to have the basic
ingredients for life. Liquid water is abundant, and the ocean floor may
also have hydrothermal vents, similar to Earth's, that could provide
nutrients for any life that might exist there. Up at the surface, comets
periodically crash into Europa, depositing organic chemicals that might
also serve as the building blocks of life. Particles from Jupiter's
radiation belts split apart the hydrogen and oxygen that makes up the
ice, forming a whole suite of molecules that living organisms could use
to metabolize chemical nutrients from the vents.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The big unknown is how those chemicals could
make it all the way down through the ice, which is probably 10 to 15
miles thick. The Voyager and Galileo missions made it clear, however,
that the ice is riddled with cracks. Early in 2013 Hand and Caltech
astronomer Mike Brown used the Keck II telescope to show that salts from
Europa's ocean were likely making their way to the surface, possibly
through some of those cracks. And late in 2013 another team of
observers, using the Hubble Space Telescope, reported plumes of liquid
water spraying from Europa's south pole. Europa's ice is evidently not
impenetrable.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">This makes the idea of sending a probe to
orbit Europa all the more compelling. Unfortunately the orbiter mission
the National Research Council evaluated in its 2011 report was deemed
scientifically <a class="cr_it_item tooltipstered" data-text="sound" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="cr_it_item_3">sound</a>
but, at $4.7 billion, too expensive. A JPL team led by Robert
Pappalardo went back to the drawing board and reimagined the mission.
Their Europa Clipper probe would orbit Jupiter, not Europa, which would
require less propellant and save money, but it would make something like
45 flybys of the moon in an attempt to understand its surface and
atmospheric chemistry, and indirectly the chemistry of the ocean.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">All told, Pappalardo says, the redesigned
mission should come in at under two billion dollars over its whole life
span. If the mission concept goes forward, he says, "we envision a
launch sometime in the early to mid 2020s." If that launch takes place
aboard an Atlas V rocket, the trip to Europa will take about six years.
"But it's also possible," he says, "that we could launch on the new
SLS, the Space Launch System, that NASA is currently developing. It's a
big rocket, and with that we could get there in 2.7 years."
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2neSCSCKeqSH0sXWUBUHS56gOa4Rm8gixQ-hJtEHJYFp5n5D81WGs5hid-a8y1ctmBlGCkUrmQMmLbE-pafalS6u80KZQcvessx2Ab01XObw5y2xdNsakzMULYdqB3TjSPz_un0jqi0/s1600/rover1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2neSCSCKeqSH0sXWUBUHS56gOa4Rm8gixQ-hJtEHJYFp5n5D81WGs5hid-a8y1ctmBlGCkUrmQMmLbE-pafalS6u80KZQcvessx2Ab01XObw5y2xdNsakzMULYdqB3TjSPz_un0jqi0/s1600/rover1.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Clipper likely wouldn't be able to find life on Europa, but it could
help make the case for a follow-up lander that could dig into the
surface, studying its chemistry the way rovers have studied Mars's. The
Clipper could also scout out the best places for such a lander to set
down. The next logical step after a lander—sending a probe down to
explore Europa's ocean—could be a lot tougher, depending on how thick
the ice is. As an alternative, mission scientists might try to reach a
lake that may be entirely contained within the ice near the surface.
"When that undersea <a class="cr_it_item tooltipstered" data-text="explorer" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="cr_it_item_4">explorer</a> eventually does come to fruition," says Hand, "in evolutionary terms, it'll be like <i>Homo sapiens</i> to the <i>Australopithecus</i> we've been testing in Alaska." </span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Frank Drake is still looking for extraterrestrial signals—a discovery that would trump everything else.
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The relatively crude rover Hand and his crew are testing at Sukok Lake
crawls along under a foot of ice, its built-in buoyancy keeping it
firmly pressed against the frozen subsurface, sensors measuring the
temperature, salinity, pH, and other characteristics of the water. It
doesn't look for organisms directly, however; that's currently the job
of the scientists working on another aspect of Hand's project across the
lake, including John Priscu of Montana State University, who last year
extracted living bacteria from Lake Whillans, half a mile under the West
Antarctic ice sheet. Along with geobiologist Alison Murray, of the
Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada, and her graduate student
Paula Matheus-Carnevali, Priscu is investigating what characteristics
frigid environments need to make them friendly to life and what sorts of
organisms actually live there. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span class="lede">Useful as the study</span></b></span> <span style="font-size: large;">of extremophiles is to
contemplating the nature of life beyond our planet, it can only provide
terrestrial clues to an extraterrestrial mystery. Soon, however, we will
have other means to fill in missing parts of the Drake equation. NASA
has approved a new planet-hunting telescope known as the Transiting
Exoplanet Survey Satellite. Scheduled to launch in 2017, TESS will look
for planets around our nearest neighboring stars, finding targets for
astrophysicists searching planetary atmospheres for biosignature gases.
The James Webb Space Telescope, scheduled for a 2018 launch, will make
those searches far easier than they are today— although recent
observations with the Hubble, including the discovery of clouds on a
super-Earth known as GJ 1214b, make it clear that nobody is sitting
around waiting for the Webb.
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="sni17aPF-container" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Listening for life." src="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/images/svg/Astrobiology_Graphic_480.svg" /><span class="sni17aPF-ad"><span class="sni17aPF-ad-content"><span class="sni17aPF-ad-container"></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="full-width-img" style="text-align: justify;">
<source media="(min-width: 1180px)"></source>
<source media="(min-width: 960px)"></source>
<source media="(min-width: 768px)"></source>
<source media="(min-width: 480px)"></source>
<source></source> <br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Some astrobiologists are even investigating a
possibility that sounds more like science fiction than science. All of
the focus on biosignatures and extremophiles assumes that life on other
worlds, like life on Earth, will be built from complex molecules that
incorporate carbon as an essential part of their structures—and use
water as a solvent. One reason is that carbon and water are abundant
throughout the Milky Way. Another is that we don't know how to look for
noncarbon life, since we don't know what biosignatures it might leave. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
"If we limit our search this way, we could
fail," says Harvard's Sasselov. "We need to make an effort to understand
at least some of the alternatives and what their atmospheric signatures
might be." So Sasselov's group at Harvard is looking at alternate
biologies that could plausibly exist on distant worlds, where, for
instance, a sulfur cycle might replace the carbon cycle that dominates
terrestrial biology. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
In the background of all this research is
the project that got astrobiology started more than half a century ago.
Although he's technically retired, Frank Drake is still looking for
extraterrestrial signals—a discovery that would trump everything else.
Though Drake is frustrated that the funding for SETI has mostly dried
up, he's excited about a brand-new project that would try to detect
flashes of light, rather than radio transmissions, from alien
civilizations. "It's wise to try every possible approach," he says,
"because we're not very good at psyching out what extraterrestrials
might actually be doing." </span><br />
<br />
<div class="article-credit">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><b><span style="color: #666666;"><i><span style="font-size: large;">Michael Lemonick's latest book is <span class="noital">Mirror Earth: The Search for Our Planet's Twin</span>. Mark Thiessen shot our story on the <a href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/125-solar-system/image-gallery#/4" target="_blank">solar system in the July 2013 issue.</a></span></i></span></b><br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title">
<span style="color: orange;"><span class="watch-title long-title " dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Finding Life Beyond Earth Are we Alone? NOVA HD Full Documentary">Finding Life Beyond Earth Are we Alone? <span style="color: #444444;">NOVA HD </span></span></span></h1>
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/xu4pN6s_gRc?feature=player_detailpage" width="640"></iframe>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="up-next">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">See Next</span></span>: Seriously the links below are Awesome they will blow your Mind I Guarantee you ..Don't Forget to make click on it </span></b></div>
<div class="distant-oasis-text">
<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/distant-oasis/" title="Distant Oasis">
</a><br />
<h3>
<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/distant-oasis/" title="Distant Oasis">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Distant Oasis</span></a></h3>
<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/distant-oasis/" title="Distant Oasis">
Europa's frozen fissured surface, seen here in a colorized
moasic image from the Galileo spacecraft, hides a liquid ocean that may
hold all the ingredients needed for life.<br />
<source></source>
<img alt="Up Next - Distant Oasis" src="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/images/ee14_bottom_promo.jpg" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="goldilocks-text">
<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/goldilocks-worlds/" title="Goldilocks Worlds">
</a><br />
<h3>
<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/goldilocks-worlds/" title="Goldilocks Worlds">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Goldilocks Worlds</span></a></h3>
<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/goldilocks-worlds/" title="Goldilocks Worlds">
Of the 1,780 confirmed planets beyond our solar system, as
many as 16 are located in their star's habitable zone, where conditions
are neither too hot nor too cold to support life.<br />
<source></source>
<img alt="Up Next - Distant Oasis" src="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/astrobiology/images/goldilocks_feather.png" />
</a>
</div>
<b><span style="color: #666666;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></i></span></b></div>
<br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">SOURCE: </span></i><span style="font-size: large;">NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC</span></b></div>
<h1>
</h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-67077497062549972162014-06-29T08:22:00.001-07:002014-06-29T08:22:28.584-07:00How scientists are creating synthetic life from scratch<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 class="m-entry__title" data-remote-admin-entry-id="5579623" data-remote-headline-edit="title" data-remote-headline-promo-headine="How scientists are creating synthetic life" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 3em; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; max-width: 90%; padding-bottom: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
How scientists are creating synthetic life from scratch </h2>
<div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">By Susannah Locke</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b>
</div>
<div>
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img src="http://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/34600401/9910905895_59b53ba509_o.0_standard_755.0.jpg" /></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Over the past decade, the ease of sequencing and creating DNA has improved so much that the possibilities of genetic engineering have expanded tremendously.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Researchers can now go way beyond the slight tinkering they've been done in the past — like adding or deactivating a single gene. Instead, some scientists are now focusing on broadly creating and re-engineering living things wholesale to improve our environment, our energy, and our health</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Welcome to the strange new world of <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_3" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">synthetic biology</span>, in which living things are a tool to be manipulated for practical ends. It's a world in which, someday, organisms designed from scratch could convert waste into fuel or enter people's bodies to kill cancer.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Some scientists see synthetic biology as the best bet to tackle some of the world's most pressing problems — like the ever-increasing demand for food and energy.</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">But the prospect of possible mishaps, not to mention concerns about tinkering with life to begin with, are certainly there, too. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Here's a primer on synthetic biology.</span></b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">What is synthetic biology, anyway?</span></b></h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">The term "synthetic biology" generally refers to the engineering of new biological tools for practical purposes. If that sounds a lot like the existing practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">genetic engineering</a> — well, that <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_2" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">makes</span> sense, because it is.</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">Many scientists simply refer to synthetic biology as "<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">genetic engineering on steroids" (to quote </span><a href="http://chronicle.com/article/Synthetic-Biology-Comes-Down/137587/" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">Jim Collins</a>, a pioneer in the field). But t<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">here's not always a clear line at which ho-hum genetic engineering flips over into synthetic biology territory.</span></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<q aria-hidden="true" class="center" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 229, 228); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 5px; border-top-color: rgb(227, 229, 228); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5996ad; display: block; font-size: 1.9em; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px; padding: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; quotes: none; text-transform: uppercase;">MANY CALL SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY "GENETIC ENGINEERING ON STEROIDS"</q></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>In general, if you're genetically engineering foods like corn and soy by adding or modifying a single gene, that's not synthetic biology. But if you're adding in a whole suite of genes or creating an entirely new genetic code that doesn't exist anywhere in nature, then you're definitely entering synthetic biology territory.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Synthetic biologists use a variety of approaches, some of which can overlap:</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1) Removing inefficiencies in cells</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Some researchers are trying to remove inefficiencies from cells that are a byproduct of the haphazard nature of evolution. For example, if you're engineering bacteria to produce biofuels, you want the process to be as efficient as possible. Researchers also use this kind of approach to find the limits of life — how simple or how different can something be and still be alive?</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2) Combining genetic sequences in extreme ways</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Some researchers want to combine many genes from various organisms to make new tools. For example, some who are interested in having algae make fuel think that combining DNA across many algae strains will be the key that has eluded them so far.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;">3) Designing new "living machines"</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;"> </span>Others are trying to design living machines by reprogramming DNA into logical circuits to make them function like miniature computers. For example, researchers have gotten cells to do arithmetic and show their answers by lighting up in a certain color.</b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">What could we do with synthetic biology?</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; text-align: center;">
<img alt="120246173" class="photo" src="http://cdn3.vox-cdn.com/assets/4645789/120246173.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 7px;" /></div>
<div class="caption" style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f96a8; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.875em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Green fuels is one area where synthetic biology could have a major impact. AFP/Getty Images</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Like any new technology, it's difficult to tell exactly where synthetic biology will have its biggest impact. But there are a few big areas of interest, which right now are in medicine, energy, food, and environmental remediation.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1) Medicine</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Synthetic biology might one day let scientists program cells to precisely detect and kill cancer cells. Or perhaps program cells to self-assemble into spare organs for transplants. Some scientists are already using partially synthetic organisms to manufacture drugs that are otherwise impractical to make.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;">2) Food and fragrances</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;"> </span>In theory, new techniques could allow researchers to design yeast to make the perfect beer or wine. Or create food in the lab more efficiently than growing it on land. <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">"We can design better and healthier proteins than we get from nature," biologist and entrepreneur Craig Venter </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/magazine/craig-venters-bugs-might-save-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">told</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> the <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_12" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">New York Times</span>.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Already, synthetic biology companies are </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/synthetic-biology-firms-shift-focus-1.14602" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">selling</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> orange and grapefruit flavorings produced by yeast. And the company Evolva </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/synthetic-biology-firms-shift-focus-1.14602" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">makes</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> yeast-generated artificial vanilla flavoring and is working on better tasting sugar substitutes.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;">3) Energy and environment</span> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Another possibility is that synthetic biologists could program cells to produce usable fuel. For example, Exxon Mobile has a partnership with <a href="http://www.syntheticgenomics.com/about/" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">Synthetic Genomics</a> (co-founded by Craig Venter) to research fuel from algae. Ideally, helpful organisms would eat things we don't need, like non-edible plant matter. Even more ideally, they'd eat the extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that's warming the planet. Or<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> toxic waste or oil from oil spills.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4) The weird stuff</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>How about some microbes that live on your skin to prevent you from getting oily and smelly? How about some other ones that secrete the perfume of your choice? How about some that quickly break down <a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/6/20/5815582/synthetic-biology-genetic-engineering-explainer?utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook&utm_name=share-button&utm#" id="_GPLITA_1" in_rurl="http://i.txtsrving.info/click?v=SU46NjM2OTI6MTM5OTpjaG9sZXN0ZXJvbDo1MDMwOWJhZjRmMTIxZTVhMTA2ZTMyZGI5NmIxZmM2ODp6LTEwOTQtNTk5MTEzOnd3dy52b3guY29tOjE5MzY2MzpmZjRkMGQ4OTMwZGEzZjA5MDNjNjdmYWZjYjgzZjFkODplYzE0MDUwOWQ0NDI0NTVhYTUxYzBiNWNjYmU4NTM4MTow&subid=g-599113-27ac24d10a9d4e94afbbea18eb1c99ed-" style="background-color: transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: auto ! important; margin: 0px ! important; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; transition: all 100ms ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline ! important; width: auto ! important;" title="Click to Continue > by FLV Player Addon">cholesterol<img src="http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" style="background-color: transparent ! important; border: medium none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block ! important; float: none ! important; height: 10px ! important; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px ! important; max-width: 100%; min-height: 0px ! important; min-width: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important; vertical-align: super ! important; width: 10px ! important;" /></a> so it won't clog people's arteries?</b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Balto, sans-serif;">What have scientists done with synthetic biology so far?</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; text-align: center;">
<img alt="6287939381_b85dbe5d93_o" class="photo" src="http://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/assets/4646157/6287939381_b85dbe5d93_o.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 7px;" /></div>
<div class="caption" style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f96a8; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.875em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Yeast growing on a petri dish. Yeast is a major player in synthetic biology these days. Rising Damp/Flickr</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">We're not yet at the point of designer cells that kill cancer or turn plastic waste into fuel. But scientists<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">have </i>done a few exciting things already:</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;">1) A more efficient process for making anti-malarial drugs</span> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Artemisinin is one of the most effective drugs to treat malaria. But for a long time, it had to be derived from the sweet wormwood plant <i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5;">Artemisia annua — </i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">a slow and expensive process.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>That changed in 2013, when pharmaceutical firm Sanofi <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/malaria-drug-made-in-yeast-causes-market-ferment-1.12417" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">used synthetic biology</a> to produce artemisinin at an industrial scale. The company did this by taking the plant's genes for making artemisinic acid and putting them in yeast, allowing them to produce the drug more quickly and efficiently. The effort is widely cited as the first large-scale drug project to use synthetic biology and as a major achievement for the field.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2) Creating bacteria from scratch</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>In 2010, researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_6" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">published</span> the results of a 15-year, $40 million project to make the first synthetic cell. How did they do it? They <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/329/5987/52" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">took</a> the genomic code from one bacterial species, made it in a lab from scratch, and then put it into an entirely different species — that lived.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>The genome they made also included some deleted genes and new sequences that acted as watermarks. And, all in all, the scientists <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_5" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">created</span> the first life-form living on completely synthetic genetic material. They <a href="http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704026204575266460432676840" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">called</a> it the first synthetic cell. (However, they didn't say that they created life itself from scratch. Had they put the DNA into an already-dead cell, nothing would have happened.)</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>This work didn't create bacteria that was useful for any particular purpose, but it <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">was</i> an important proof of principle that a cell can survive on lab-made DNA.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3) Creating yeast from scratch</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">In 2014, a team of researchers from many institutions including Johns Hopkins University </span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/55" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">revealed</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> that they had synthesized an entire yeast chromosome from scratch. And the chromosome functioned when put back into a yeast cell. This was an especially impressive feat because yeast's genetic material is more complex than bacteria's.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>The scientists <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_4" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">called</span> the DNA they made a "designer chromosome" because they deleted any sequences that they found unnecessary and added in elements that will allow future researchers to easily delete any gene they want. The goal is to rewrite the entire yeast genome in five years. So far, they've done about 3 percent of it, by length. Only 15 more chromosomes to go.</b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
So how do you design an organism from scratch?</h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The main tool here is the computer. Researchers work with the code of existing organisms' genetic material as essentially a text file, tweaking it, deleting parts, adding parts, adding parts from other organisms, whatever they want.</span></b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
</h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Then they need to take that information and turn it into physical DNA. So they use a DNA synthesis machine that creates actual DNA from the necessary molecules. DNA that has been made by a machine is considered "synthetic DNA."</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>The researchers have to get that DNA into the organism of choice, and the techniques here can vary depending on the type of cell. Shorter chunks of DNA are easier to work with than longer chunks, which is why you see many small DNA pieces in the graphic below (from <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/first-synthetic-yeast-chromosome-revealed-1.14941" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nature</i> News</a>).</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<img alt="Nature-yeast-chromosome" class="photo" src="http://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/assets/4645373/nature-yeast-chromosome.png" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 7px;" /></div>
<div class="caption" style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f96a8; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 1.875em; margin-top: -1.2em;">
Designing the first fully synthetic yeast chromosome. <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/first-synthetic-yeast-chromosome-revealed-1.14941" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-transition: all 100ms ease; background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; font-size: 15.555556297302246px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nature</i> News</a></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">How do scientists program cells to act like a computer?</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>This is an approach that has garnered a lot of interest. It's essentially designing genes to function in logical circuits, sort of like computers. It has attracted work from many academic groups and startups. And even high school students are now participating in the yearly synthetic bio <a href="http://igem.org/Main_Page" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">iGEM competition</a>, which included 245 teams in 2013.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Here's the idea. Genes can be thought of like an input/output system that already does some simple logic. The inputs are molecules that interact with genes to help turn them on or off. The outputs are what the gene makes after it's turned on — usually a protein of some sort. For example, the gene for the enzyme that digests lactose naturally turns on whenever there's lactose around, but not glucose.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<q aria-hidden="true" class="center" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 229, 228); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 5px; border-top-color: rgb(227, 229, 228); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5996ad; display: block; font-size: 1.9em; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px; padding: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; quotes: none; text-transform: uppercase;">SCIENTISTS HAVE DESIGNED CELLS TO DO ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION</q></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Scientists have come up with clever ways to manipulate, combine, and tweak these stretches of DNA to do some pretty interesting things.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>In 2012, Swiss researchers <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7405/full/nature11149.html#affil-auth" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">showed </a>that they could get mammalian cells to do math. They created genes that only turn on if two particular inputs are there at the same time — so that the genes essentially compute an "AND" function. And they made others that compute other functions. By combining basic logical functions — "AND," "OR," "NOT," and combinations of them — they got cells to do binary addition and subtraction like computers do and then show the right answer by glowing red or green. Others have done projects that also involved <a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v31/n5/full/nbt.2510.html" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">memory</a>.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>In another example (pictured), a team from the University of California at San Francisco <a href="http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-09/artsy-germs" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">created</a> a plate of<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">E. coli</i> bacteria that can sense and then trace out an edge of a picture. It's a demonstration of simple logic that could someday get built up into far more complex code. The logic they programmed is as follows: (1) If you sense light, make a certain cell signaling molecule. (2) If you're sensing the signaling molecule (meaning you're near a cell that's in the light) and are<i style="box-sizing: border-box;"> not</i> yourself sensing light, then manufacture a dark pigment.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; text-align: center;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="align-right" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; width: 302px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><img alt="Hitchcock" class="photo" src="http://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/assets/4635289/hitchcock.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 7px; width: 287px;" /></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f96a8; margin-bottom: 1.875em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>These <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">E. coli </i>have been engineered so that they can find and trace an edge by producing a dark pigment. Popular Science</b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Researchers have also made DNA elements that are toggle switches that can be turned on or off, ones that reduce noise in response to negative feedback, and ones that create an oscillating signal, among others.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>There are now thousands of such interchangeable building blocks held in various databases, such as the public one run by the <a href="http://biobricks.org/" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">BioBricks Foundation</a>. The idea is to use these tools to engineer living machines that can perform a variety of tasks.</b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
What about changing the molecules of DNA itself?</h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; text-align: center;">
<img alt="179795903" class="photo" src="http://cdn3.vox-cdn.com/assets/4645861/179795903.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 7px;" /></div>
<div class="caption" style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6f96a8; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.875em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Researchers are changing the molecules that make up DNA. UIG via Getty Images</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Normally, the cellular factories that construct proteins from DNA instructions are doing so from a limited number of types of parts. There are only 20</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> standard </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">amino acids — the building blocks that make up the estimated </span><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40083/title/Human-Proteome-Mapped/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">19,629 human proteins</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>But what if an engineer wants to use a lab-made amino acid, a new widget that's never been seen in nature?</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>First, they'd have to mess with DNA. The DNA that codes for proteins is read three letters at a time, and all of DNA's four letters (A, C, T, G) already have a hard translation for what amino acids they code for. And all of the combinations are already taken.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<q aria-hidden="true" class="center" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 229, 228); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 5px; border-top-color: rgb(227, 229, 228); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5996ad; display: block; font-size: 1.9em; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px; padding: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; quotes: none; text-transform: uppercase;">SOME SCIENTISTS WANT TO EXPAND THE DNA ALPHABET WITH MORE LETTERS</q></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">So, in order to use new amino acids, some engineers want to expand the DNA alphabet with even more letters. This is tricky because it requires retrofitting artificial DNA letters onto eons-old cellular machinery.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>In May, 2014, researchers <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7500/full/nature13314.html" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">published</a> in <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nature </i>that after screening some 300 possible new DNA letters, they found ones that <i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5;">E. coli </i><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">bacteria </span>would accept. They called these new letters X and Y. The bacteria were able to use their existing machinery to copy DNA containing X and Y for 24 generations (about 15 hours). But researchers have only shown that the cells could copy the DNA, not actually use it. <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/business/researchers-report-breakthrough-in-creating-artificial-genetic-code.html" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">Next up</a>, they'll need to demonstrate that they can get cells to read these new letters to actually make proteins.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Other groups have been focusing on the chemical backbone that holds DNA together. They've created DNA with several other backbones, called <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/enzymes-grow-artificial-dna-1.10487" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">XNAs</a>, and have shown that they can get cells to accept and copy them. One possibility is to use such techniques to make DNA that's hardier and more resistant to degradation.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">What are the major challenges in synthetic biology?</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; text-align: center;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;">1) Designer cells can evolve — in unpredictable ways</span> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>As helpful as evolution has been for actual life in the real world, life's ever-changing nature is annoying if you're trying to engineer life to become a predictable tool.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Here's why: cells acquire random mutations in their DNA. And some cells will produce more offspring than others or completely die off. The result is that every new generation is slightly different than the one before. That can be an annoyance if, say, you are trying to design cells to perform a specific task in a pharmaceutical factory.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;">2) Cells are very messy</span> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Another challenge is that cells are far more disorganized than a circuit board or computer program. The elements of a circuit board can be lined up in a precise order so that the output of one element can be funneled straight into the input of the next.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>But a cell is<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> an altogether messier situation. T</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">he molecules in a cell, including those that people are using as inputs and outputs, are generally lumped together in the same space and — literally — jiggling around randomly. So there's a way higher chance of something cross-reacting, and that can cause problems.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: large;">3) Mammals' cells are difficult</span> </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>A third challenge is that cells from more complex creatures, like mammals, tend to be far more difficult to engineer than, say, bacteria.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mammals' cells, for example, usually have two copies of each gene in a cell, whereas bacteria generally have one. Also, the processes that regulate what genes get used are more multilayered and complicated. And inserting and deleting genes in mammals' cells is also far more difficult. (Although in the past few years, a new gene editing system called<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-technology-leaps-from-lab-to-industry-1.14299" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">CRISPR</a> has made deleting genes easier.)</b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
How would I know if my food contains synthetic biology products?</h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">You generally wouldn't know. There's no federal law that requires ingredients from synthetic biology to be labeled. This is the case in the US for all genetically engineered foods, including GMO corn and soy and products made from them.</span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Several ingredients produced by synthetic organisms (but not actually containing these organisms) are on the market in soaps, cosmetics, and foods. You can read a good review of what's going on with these ingredients and (non-)transparency about them in this New York Times story <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/31/business/biofuel-tools-applied-to-household-soaps.html?hpw&rref=health" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">here</a>.</b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Isn't there a risk that these artificial cells could escape into the wild?</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>That's one concern, although researchers aren't usually in the habit of simply sending these organisms to the dump without precautions.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>There are generally rules in place for them to kill any lab organisms before disposal, generally in a high-temperature, high-pressure oven called an autoclave. (Even a dead lab mouse that hasn't been genetically altered gets autoclaved first, too.)</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>In some cases, researchers have made organisms that can <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">only</i> survive in the lab — by, for example, tweaking them to need a nutrient that doesn't exist in the wild. It's also possible that scientists could program a <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/synthetic-biology-how-best-to-build-a-cell-1.15150" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">kill switch</a> that would turn on at a certain point. (So, for instance, a cell designed to kill cancer could be programmed to self-destruct after it's done its job.)</b></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 1.5em 0px 0.5em;">
Is this going to be one more technology that only the rich will get to use while the rest of the world suffers?</h3>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Well, only time will tell. Legally, it's possible to patent most of the things that these people are doing. <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">But it's not necessarily the case that that's how synthetic biology will play out. Many people support an open source model, where all information is free for everyone to use.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">In a recent <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_7" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">piece</span> in <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nature</i>, writer Bryn Nelson<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/synthetic-biology-cultural-divide-1.15149" style="background-color: white; background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">describes this debate</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> as a clash </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">between engineers and computer scientists, who tend to favor the open source model, and biotech people, who often argue that patents provide economic incentives for innovation.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>So far, synthetic biology has been using both. For example, the people uploading genetic sequences into the BioBricks catalog <a href="https://biobricks.org/bpa/faq/#1" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">must affirm</a> that they won't claim the sequences as their own intellectual property. But most companies making commercial products, like drugs and food ingredients, are working under the patent system.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans',sans-serif; line-height: 22.5px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">More on synthetic biology:</b></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.2em; padding: 1em 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/magazine/craig-venters-bugs-might-save-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">Profile</a><b> of and a <a href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/genetics/craig-venter-profile" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">Q&A</a> with Craig Venter, the biggest name in synthetic bio</b></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://chronicle.com/article/Synthetic-Biology-Comes-Down/137587/" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">Profile</a> of <span class="n33dg5w4" id="n33dg5w4_1" style="border-left: 1px solid transparent; border-right: 1px solid transparent; border-style: solid; border-top: 1px solid transparent; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 153, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline ! important; float: none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Jim Collins</span>, synthetic biology pioneer</span></b></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The New Yorker wrote a <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/28/090928fa_fact_specter?currentPage=all" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">big piece</a> on synthetic biology in 2009. Old, but still good.</b></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/31/business/biofuel-tools-applied-to-household-soaps.html" style="background-image: none ! important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d98a8; text-decoration: none; transition: all 100ms ease 0s;">debate</a> over unlabeled synthetic biology products on the market</b></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Source: Vox </span><br />
<ul style="background-color: #f1f3f2; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: 'Alright Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.2em; padding: 1em 0px;">
</ul>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-27357596589523069912014-06-21T04:24:00.000-07:002014-06-21T04:24:28.602-07:0010 Sci-Fi Technologies Moving Us Closer To Immortality<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #343434; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
10 Sci-Fi Technologies Moving Us Closer To Immortality</h1>
<div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">By MICHAEL HOSSEY</span></b></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #6d6d6d; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">The average life expectancy is constantly rising as we improve our knowledge of medicine and the human body. We have eradicated diseases, discovered powerful treatments, and figured out how to fix ailments which would have once killed us. Now we’re accelerating even more rapidly in the practice of keeping Human </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #6d6d6d; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">alive, jolting toward something close to immortality with technologies that sound like they’ve been ripped straight from the realm of science fiction.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">10</span>Blood Factories</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="1- blood" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68957" height="398" src="http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1-blood.jpg?resize=632%2C420" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Blood is so critical to our survival that it’s become the go-to metaphor for people to describe a necessity. Farmers, workers,religion, love, family—they’ve all been described as the “lifeblood” of nations. Excessive blood loss will quickly end a life, so blood transfusions are a vital medical tool. There are two major issues with blood transfusions, though. The first is that the blood has to be donated from other people, which can lead to shortages. The second is that everybody has a different blood type, and transfusing the wrong blood type will lead to an immune system attack and a variety of<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">awful complications</a>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Science has managed to address both these issues by <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/10765132/Artificial-blood-will-be-manufactured-in-factories.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">manufacturing red blood cells</a> from the universal O- type (which can be given to anybody without immune issues). This is the first time that blood like this has been created in a lab, and it could lead to the end of blood donations and the beginning of industrial blood production.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">9</span>Growing Body Parts</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="2- body parts" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68958" height="398" src="http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/2-body-parts.jpg?resize=632%2C421" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
There are some common sci-fi tropes that are at least somewhat plausible. When we see interstellar travel, alien life, or food reduced to pills, we can imagine the potential they have to be a part of human life. But some things are a little more far-fetched, like culturing body parts in labs. Like most things, though, the truth is crazier than fiction, since scientists are doing exactly that. The lab-grown organs don’t just look anatomically correct, they work correctly as well. What have we made so far? <a href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/04/11/lab-grown-vaginas-nostrils/7588729/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">Vaginas and nostrils</a>, both of which have been safely transplanted into humans with no adverse side effects.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
For the first time ever, females who were born without a vagina—or whose vagina was incomplete—received vaginas grown in a laboratory. The women were tracked for eight years before the scientists were satisfied with the results. During that time, the women and their new organs functioned completely normally without adverse side effects. Patients who had lost part of their noses to skin cancer also had new noses <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2014/04/12/the-science-of-lab-grown-organs-vaginas-noses-now-possible/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">grown from their skin cells</a>.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">8</span>Reversing Paralysis</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="3- spine" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68959" height="398" src="http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/3-spine.jpg?resize=632%2C420" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Injuries to the spinal cord are among the most devastating afflictions suffered by humanity. The spinal cord carries information to every part of the body, so injuries to this area often lead to the awful condition of paralysis. In the past, there was little which could be done for the victims of such injuries. They were left to live out their lives with limited mobility and, often, a great deal of pain.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
As the result of groundbreaking research into the role of electrical impulses on the nervous tissue in the spine, modern scientists have now been able to return voluntary movement to people who were supposed to be paralyzed for life. In the exciting experiment, the patients involved were able to move previously paralyzed body parts after <a href="http://www.nih.gov/news/health/apr2014/nibib-08.htm" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">electric pulses</a> were applied to their spinal cords. When combined with traditional physical therapy, the improvement became even greater, giving hope to hundreds of thousands worldwide who hope to one day walk, run, and move again.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">7</span>Reversing The Aging Process</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="4- antiaging" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68960" height="398" src="http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/4-antiaging.jpg?resize=632%2C420" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Following in the footsteps of their contemporaries in the skin care and bogus superfood industries, a group of scientists have discovered a chemical in <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/04/young-blood-reverse-ageing-mice-studies" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">the blood of young people</a> that could have a significant impact on the debilitating effects of old age. This wasn’t some one-off, nutjob study, either—three separate groups all came to the same conclusions in experiments with mice. In the research, transfusions of young blood reversed age-related deterioration of memory, learning, brain function, muscle strength, and stamina. Maybe <a href="http://listverse.com/2013/08/11/10-vampires-from-history-youve-never-heard-of/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">Elizabeth Bathory</a> wasn’t so crazy after all.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Two of the groups even claimed to have identified the single chemical which was responsible for this age-reversing effect. Since the studies were done on mice, it still remains to be seen whether it will also work for people, but the researches are confident that it could. Clinical trials are expected to begin in a few years, potentially paving the way for a genuine anti-aging injection.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">6</span>Next-Gen Medication Monitoring</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d;"><img alt="5- monitoring" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68961" height="398" src="http://i0.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/5-monitoring.jpg?resize=632%2C421" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="color: #6d6d6d;">No matter how far we come as a people, the incredible forgetfulness and laziness of humanity will always prevail. Medication is an extremely important part of many people’s health</span><span style="color: #6d6d6d;"> and forgetting to take it can be dangerous, even deadly. In a development which some will see as incredible and others will see as a frightening step too far, an electronic system which will monitor your medication is now available. Tiny sensors and a skin patch will </span><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229683.700-silicon-pill-beams-back-bodys-response-to-medicines.html#.U5CG6ygVdr0" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in initial; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in initial;" target="_blank">keep tabs on you</a><span style="color: #6d6d6d;">, making sure you never miss another pill.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
If constant monitoring isn’t your style, they have more advantages. The system can also track the body’s response to said medication, giving you and your physician details on how your body is reacting, so if anything goes wrong you’ll be able to rectify it immediately.</div>
<div class="adman" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; left: 147px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<div id="div-gpt-ad-1358325249632-5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 280px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div id="div-gpt-ad-1358325249632-5_ad_container" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img height="265" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSlMymLImz_HIXzxOtGHPDLa5pcpF3584szaV2dEhxKLW5gL7LS" width="400" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">5</span>Giving A Bit of Heart</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="6- heart" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68962" height="399" src="http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/6-heart.jpg?resize=632%2C422" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
The heart and its health are key to a long, rich life. The biggest cause of death in the United States isn’t AIDS or any kind of cancer, it’s heart disease. Heart disease kills approximately one million Americans each year, equating to about one person passing away <a href="http://www.theheartfoundation.org/heart-disease-facts/heart-disease-statistics/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">every 33 seconds</a>. It is also a huge killer across the rest of the world. It’s the number one cause of death in Australia, claiming a life every 12 minutes, as well as in the UK, where it is responsible for <a href="http://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/heart-statistics.aspx" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">a quarter of the deaths</a> each year.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
However, scientists recently managed to transplant a <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10793958/Pig-hearts-could-be-transplanted-into-humans-after-baboon-success.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">genetically modified pig heart</a> into a baboon and have it function perfectly for over a year. This research gives the medical world hope that one day animals will be able to provide an endless supply of animal hearts (and other organs) to transplant into humans, greatly increasing life expectancy.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">4</span>Reducing Disabilities Caused By Stroke</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="7- stroke" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68963" height="374" src="http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/7-stroke.jpg?resize=632%2C395" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Strokes are terrifying and often deadly. In cases where they don’t kill, strokes can leave the afflicted unable to perform basic tasks, greatly impacting their quality of life. Independence and autonomy are almost completely taken away, and sufferers are unable to control their body as they once could. Previously, there were very few treatment options for these people. But now, scientists have used a revolutionary new procedure to treat these horrific disabilities, giving hope to all of those affected—not to mention their friends and families.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
By <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25541-first-stem-cell-trial-for-stroke-shows-lasting-benefits.html#.U5CHwigVdr0" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">injecting stem cells</a> into the brains of patients, researchers have managed to restore the ability to move their limbs and perform tasks that were previously impossible. The people involved see this as a very encouraging sign for stroke victims, who number close to a million per year in the US alone.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">3</span>Printing New Hearts</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="8- printed heart" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68964" height="380" src="http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/8-printed-heart.jpg?resize=632%2C401" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
We’ve already gone over the monumental impact that heart disease has on the lives of humanity, as well as the importance of organ transplants to keep people alive. Well, with the increasingly innovative advent of 3–D printing, there are some in the field who believe that <a href="http://voiceofrussia.com/uk/news/2014_05_11/Londons-Science-Museum-unveils-possibilities-of-3D-human-hearts-2696/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">within only 10 years</a> they’ll be able to print an entire “bioficial” heart. A group at the University of Louisiana has already taken huge steps toward fulfilling this prediction.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
By utilizing fat cells and collagen, the team has managed to print <a href="http://www.techrepublic.com/article/breakthrough-how-scientists-are-3d-printing-a-human-heart-that-will-work-better-than-yours/#." style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">working components</a> of the human heart. They use the analogy of an airplane—a complex machine assembled in parts before being combined—to explain why they can’t just print an entire heart and why it instead must be done part by part. But with the ability to print the parts, 10 years seems a very reasonable time frame to expect the sum of these parts to be complete.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">2</span>Bionic Arms</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="9- bionic" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68965" height="402" src="http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/9-bionic.jpg?resize=632%2C425" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Ever since the first cyborgs appeared in science fiction, scientists have been searching for a way to create bionic body parts. Doing so would immeasurably improve the lives of people with amputated limbs, and every bit of research gets us closer to understanding the intricate communication system between our brains and our muscles. And it looks like that all that effort is finally coming to fruition. The brain impulse-controlled prosthetic dubbed the DEKA arm is no ordinary attachment—it’s a genuine super gadget.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Invented by the same man who invented the Segway, the arm can perform such fine, delicate tasks as <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/12/tech/innovation/deka-bionic-arm-kamen/" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">zipping up a coat</a>, holding an egg without busting it, or unlocking a door using a key—tasks that even people with fully intact arms seem to struggle with sometimes. The bionic arm is also very adaptable, making it an option for people who were amputated at the shoulder, at the mid-lower arm, or the mid-upper arm. Unfortunately, those amputated at the hand or wrist won’t have the Skywalker arm available to them, at least for now.</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #343434; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<span style="background-color: #d24d33; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: white; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: TitilliumMedium, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 70px; line-height: 70px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 70px;">1</span>Suspended Animation</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<img alt="10- cryogenic" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-68966" height="449" src="http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/10-cryogenic.jpg?resize=632%2C474" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.25s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline;" width="598" /><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
This one is so stereo typically sci-fi that the researchers involved don’t like to call it suspended animation. One of the leading surgeons at the hospital where it’s being developed prefers to call it “emergency preservation and resuscitation,” even though he admits that they <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129623.000-gunshot-victims-to-be-suspended-between-life-and-death.html?cmpid=RSS|NSNS|2012-GLOBAL|online-news#.U5CH5ygVdr1" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in; color: #d24d33; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.25s ease-in;" target="_blank">are suspending life</a>. Basically, the patient’s blood is replaced by a very cold saline solution which creates a kind of induced hypothermia, slowing all cellular activity to a near halt. In other words, it’s like flipping the slow-motion switch on the shutdown of the body’s vital systems, giving surgeons more time to fix the problem. According to the man who invented the technique, Peter Rhee, the patients aren’t necessarily alive during the procedure, but they’re not dead either.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
In 2000, Rhee demonstrated this technique on pigs and it worked. The pigs suffered massive hemorrhages before they were suspended, then they were treated and “brought back to life.” In most cases, their hearts started again on their own with no loss of cognitive or physical function. Now, Rhee and his team just have to wait for the right human candidate. “After we did those experiments, the definition of dead changed,” says Rhee.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #6d6d6d; float: left; font-family: TitilliumRegular, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 598.203125px;">
Source: <a href="http://listverse.com/2014/06/08/10-sci-fi-technologies-moving-us-towards-immortality/" target="_blank">LISTVERSE</a></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-91130256484713335832014-06-08T06:14:00.001-07:002014-06-08T06:21:05.559-07:00Researchers created highly complex detailed 3D model of an Neural Synapse ( Video)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">A team of researchers in Germany has created a very highly detailed 3D computer model of an individual rat synapse depicting the distribution of approximately 30,000 proteins involved in the process of sending a message from one neuron to another. The below video has cover detail view of the process that take place during information transfer at Synapse</span></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"><b><span style="color: #20124d;">Our brains are full of trillions of synapses, each with the capability of converting an electrical signal into a chemical one and back again.</span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"><b><span style="color: #20124d;"><br /></span></b></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">"That's Really incredible"</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHfWxOa5Xe-PO3clLIlfWW_rIY1yCsBb6C3Ub3QTD8LjGsdcIaYkI4_8SYViBGoqJG5U5BA2raJxGnyPXB6OZz54fWqGgyBvooq3zEIXbujvzcRJjuPQWVR7djaVhsr17bdMkrMMXRcfY/s1600/neural+synapse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHfWxOa5Xe-PO3clLIlfWW_rIY1yCsBb6C3Ub3QTD8LjGsdcIaYkI4_8SYViBGoqJG5U5BA2raJxGnyPXB6OZz54fWqGgyBvooq3zEIXbujvzcRJjuPQWVR7djaVhsr17bdMkrMMXRcfY/s1600/neural+synapse.jpg" height="425" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b><span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">In their paper published in the journal "Science"</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> the team describes how they combined several imaging techniques to create the model, and what it is able to display.</span></span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">In simple terms, Neuron </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">transmit messages between one another via synapses—parts of neurons dedicated to converting electrical signals to </span><a class="textTag" href="http://medicalxpress.com/tags/chemical+signals/" rel="tag" style="background-color: white; color: #313d57; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; outline: 0px;">chemical signals</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> and vice versa. </span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;"><b>Synapses are miniscule – nerve terminals are about one thousandth of a millimetre in diameter, and the space between them (cleft) and the membrane they contact a mere 20-40 millionths of a millimetre wide – and are densely packed in the grey matter of the brain tissue, making them notoriously difficult to study. </b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZhDWsWjnNOocWqxTVKkD3sJb4O8B-eZxbQFycr2gqRF04QoKpAbsvA-6auZi7rBKIxM1tV26ozISjRsTYgt8f_WMLyCb9ZWFBhyVfgBhk2JfshoV0-4z7sdwj2SRtBaOhKY8Vri5O_Y/s1600/nice+synapse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZhDWsWjnNOocWqxTVKkD3sJb4O8B-eZxbQFycr2gqRF04QoKpAbsvA-6auZi7rBKIxM1tV26ozISjRsTYgt8f_WMLyCb9ZWFBhyVfgBhk2JfshoV0-4z7sdwj2SRtBaOhKY8Vri5O_Y/s1600/nice+synapse.jpg" /></a><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;">Inside the nerve terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are stored in tiny spheres called </span><a href="http://neuroimages.tumblr.com/post/48269020624/pseudo-colour-scanning-electron-micrograph-showing" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">synaptic vesicles</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;">, which are "docked" in an "active zone" (</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;"><span style="color: red;">depicted as red color in the video</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;">) just beneath the cell membrane. When a nervous impulse arrives at the terminal, it causes a few of the vesicles to </span><a href="http://www.cshperspectives.net/content/3/12/a005637.full" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">fuse with the membrane and release their contents</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;">. Later on, the spent </span><a href="http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/4/9/a005645.full" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">vesicles are recycled</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;"> – they are pulled back out of the membrane, re-filled with neurotransmitter molecules, and eventually re-used.</span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;"><b>At any given terminal, vesicle fusion can occur hundreds of times per second, as trains of impulses arrive one after the other. The whole process of vesicle docking, fusion and recycling is therefore tightly regulated, to ensure that there is a ready supply of vesicles that can fuse in quick succession and maintain the rapid bursts of neuronal activity.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;"><br /></span>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/V73kP7GF4OE" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #20124d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #20124d;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;">“Our model shows that the proteins involved in neurotransmitter release can be enormously abundant, with up to 27,000 copies per synapse,” says </span><a href="http://rizzoli-lab.de/" style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Silvio Rizzoli</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.98714256286621px;">, senior author of the study, “whereas proteins involved in recycling are present in only 1,000-4,000 copies.” The high number of vesicle-release proteins isn’t entirely surprising, because nerve terminals are thought to contain hundreds of vesicles docked at release sites."</span></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Below Image show various protein that are depicted in the video i.e at the terminal end of the neuron in enlarged & distinct form </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZvESqk-35-0h1VnEHeIcgJ5nKEsR9hr5pheDhoR1uM8GSpQjCrA8R9VbNv3zhK2za8odrUwiqIfMl2ABNJeDHM1EWe6ExgMiUV-7JxxWgbXIeZUGaax_vJxi31yKP0OArENZQf68gZSk/s1600/presynaptic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZvESqk-35-0h1VnEHeIcgJ5nKEsR9hr5pheDhoR1uM8GSpQjCrA8R9VbNv3zhK2za8odrUwiqIfMl2ABNJeDHM1EWe6ExgMiUV-7JxxWgbXIeZUGaax_vJxi31yKP0OArENZQf68gZSk/s1600/presynaptic.jpg" height="374" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">For instance, that green guy, parvalbumin, in certain neurons that </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19396159" style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #20124d;">protein seems to trigger high-frequency brain waves</span></a><span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"> that have been linked to cognition. And that red SNAP-25 has been </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12232787" style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #20124d;">linked to ADHD</span></a><span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #20124d;">,</span> and the yellow VDAC has been proposed as a </span><span style="color: #351c75;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v25/n34/fig_tab/1209598t2.html" style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;" target="_blank">good target for chemotherapy drugs</a><span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">.</span></span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: #edeae3; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">To create the model, the Researchers isolated rat brain </span><a class="textTag" href="http://medicalxpress.com/tags/neurons/" rel="tag" style="background-color: white; color: #313d57; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; outline: 0px;">neurons</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> and used <span style="color: #38761d;">mass </span></span></span></b><b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">spectrometry, electron microscopy, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and </span></span></b><b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #38761d;">antibody staining</span> to get different looks at the sending synapse. </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In so doing they were </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">able to determine the number of 62 different proteins involved in the recycling process and where they belong in the synapse. <span style="color: #20124d;"><b>That allowed them to build a model able to depict how the synapse actually looks during each stage of the process—a feat that will undoubtedly help</b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b> many other Neuro-scientists as they seek to better understand how the brain is able to do all the things it does & various Brain Disorder</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
<em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">(Video credit: Wilhelm </em><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">et al.</span><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"> 2014, </em><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">Science</span><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">)</em><br />
<em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"><br /></em>
<em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-05-highly-3d-individual-neural-synapse.html#" style="color: #313d57; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; outline: 0px;"><img alt="" class="toolsicon ic-rel" src="http://m.ph-cdn.com/tmpl/v4/img/1x1.gif" height="16" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://m.ph-cdn.com/tmpl/v4/img/sprites/sprite-e1@2x.png); background-position: 1px -442px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: 102px 767px; border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> </span><b style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Explore further:</b><span style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"> </span><a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-05-brain-noise-nurture-synapses.html#inlRlv" itemprop="relatedLink" style="color: #313d57; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 19.600000381469727px; outline: 0px;">Brain noise found to nurture synapses</a></em><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0px 0px 17px;">
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">More information:</b> Composition of isolated synaptic boutons reveals the amounts of vesicle trafficking proteins, <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Science</i> 30 May 2014: Vol. 344 no. 6187 pp. 1023-1028,<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1252884" style="color: #313d57; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">DOI: 10.1126/science.1252884</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0px 0px 17px;">
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ABSTRACT</b><br />
Synaptic vesicle recycling has long served as a model for the general mechanisms of cellular trafficking. We used an integrative approach, combining quantitative immunoblotting and mass spectrometry to determine protein numbers; electron microscopy to measure organelle numbers, sizes, and positions; and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to localize the proteins. Using these data, we generated a three-dimensional model of an "average" synapse, displaying 300,000 proteins in atomic detail. The copy numbers of proteins involved in the same step of synaptic vesicle recycling correlated closely. In contrast, copy numbers varied over more than three orders of magnitude between steps, from about 150 copies for the endosomal fusion proteins to more than 20,000 for the exocytotic ones.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0px 0px 17px;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Source:</span> </b><b>1. <a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-05-highly-3d-individual-neural-synapse.html" target="_blank">MedicalXpress</a></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0px 0px 17px;">
<b> 2. <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2014/may/29/3d-model-nerve-terminal" target="_blank">The Guardian</a></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0px 0px 17px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>To Read more :</b></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="color: #351c75;"><b>The below link article is really describe in very lucid & awesome manner at Nat-geo</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/29/now-this-is-a-synapse/" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBsHe0iU4BQoT6n8znuTw0C9hDAYfrmQq30-q06sbkEi7jBp8PotytN7_oHRArXwuHoGGmrlWZ3Nb2ZvSYvZy5FxJ4d_gZ7Mdv9kEdKtrhpWjyt62RQ1LxlIFJP_ag6i-ud4QRQN6bRMo/s1600/syn.jpg" height="220" width="400" /></a></div>
<h1 style="font-family: alternate-gothic-no-1-d, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 42px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">
<a href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/29/now-this-is-a-synapse/" target="_blank">Now THIS Is a Synapse</a></h1>
<div class="post-author" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(128, 130, 133); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: minion-pro, Georgia, serif; font-size: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span class="by" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: italic;">by</span> Virginia Hughes</span></div>
<div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0px 0px 17px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-36227451542617409172014-05-27T03:37:00.000-07:002014-05-27T03:37:41.368-07:00Humanity Is Now Officially Ready For Suspended Animation <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">What this Suspended animation is </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">?</span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">Literally speaking</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">Suspended animation </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><span style="background-color: white;">is the slowing or stopping of life processes by exogenous or endogenous means without termination. or some far slowing down aging process. It is truly SCIENCE FICTION concept which you have witnessed in the movies like</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"> Prometheus</span></span></span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> & even star trek </span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>It's like another method of CRYONICS i.e way of Life-Preservation But difference is that In CRYONICS organism are preserved in Liquid Nitrogen until they get reanimation this is not way in Suspended Animation </b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<img alt="Humanity Is Now Officially Ready For Suspended Animation" class="transform-com.kinja.core.model.Image$Size$Original$@485a11e7 js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--MQubS3Bc--/bts8saqns7yi3dbl5skq.jpg" data-chomp-id="bts8saqns7yi3dbl5skq" data-format="jpg" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--MQubS3Bc--/bts8saqns7yi3dbl5skq.jpg" height="358" id="img-0" style="background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; display: block; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; height: auto; line-height: 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="636" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"><b>This "Suspended Animation" is now not far topic of Sci-Fiction As it has turn into Reality by </b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 24px;"><b>Surgeons from the UPMC Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 24px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">The researchers behind it don't want to call it </span><a href="http://www.engadget.com/2010/06/17/suspended-animation-shocker-lack-of-oxygen-could-be-the-key-to/" style="background-color: white; color: #3399cc; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;">suspended animation</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">, but it's the most conventional way to explain it. </span></b><br />
<div>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<b>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">The world's first humans trials will start at the UPMC</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Segoe UI, proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, Proxima Nova, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">Presbyterian Hospital in </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">Pittsburgh, with 10 patients whose injuries would otherwise be fatal to operate on. A team of surgeons will remove the patient's blood, replacing it with a chilled saline solution that would cool the body, slowing down bodily functions and delaying death from blood loss.</span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">"According to Dr. Samuel Tisherman, </span><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129623.000-gunshot-victims-to-be-suspended-between-life-and-death.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">talking to <em>New </em></a></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><em style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129623.000-gunshot-victims-to-be-suspended-between-life-and-death.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Scientist</a></em><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">: "We are suspending life, but we don't like to </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">call it suspended animation because it sounds like </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">science fiction... we call it emergency preservation and </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Segoe UI', proxima-nova, proxima-nova-1, proxima-nova-2, 'Proxima Nova', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">resuscitation."</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="first-text" data-textannotation-id="4d2f10c38983789f9c1a268b5c32f5f8" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>Surgeons from the UPMC Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, are set to begin suspended animation trials by dramatically cooling down trauma victims in an effort to keep them alive during critical operations.</b></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="6c239bee4571c7943cfb00afada9a234" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>Twenty years ago, Peter Safar and Ron Bellamy proposed that the rapid induction of hypothermia could "buy time" for a trauma surgical team to control bleeding. Now, thanks to the work of Peter Rhee and Samuel Tisherman, this idea is officially ready for prime time.</b></div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="8b86a2fa1216a7444a8f5206ffdb5110" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">
EPR-CAT</span></h4>
<div id="inset_placeholder_5762826" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="a93ef69227db5a2967fe5e20821be7b2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>"We are suspending life, but we don't like to call it <a href="http://io9.com/5762826/what-will-suspended-animation-really-be-like-a-new-study-offers-hints" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">suspended animation</a> because it sounds like science fiction," noted Tisherman in a <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">New Scientist</em> <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129623.000-gunshot-victims-to-be-suspended-between-life-and-death.html" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">article</a>. "So we call it emergency preservation and resuscitation." The idea is to buy patients precious time during critical operations, such as after a massive heart attack, stabbings, or shootings.</b></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="32cdc95ae0fbd3794b22231035149e39" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>The technique will be used on 10 patients who would otherwise be expected to die from their injuries. The doctors on the project will be paged when a candidate patient arrives at the hospital; there's usually one case like this every month, typically with survival rates less than 7%.</b></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="1303c3827f770ea420e30b363436009f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>It's part a feasibility and safety study, called the Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest from Trauma (EPR-CAT).</b></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="470a1df783d680292b3ec529466ff7c9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>Because patients cannot give informed consent, the study will be conducted under the <a href="http://acutecareresearch.org/about/Exception-from-informed-consent" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">exception-from-informed consent</a> process, which includes community consultation and public notification. So, if you live in the Pittsburgh area, and this seems too risky for you, you have to opt out (which you can do <a href="http://acutecareresearch.org/studies/current/emergency-preservation-and-resuscitation-cardiac-arrest-trauma-epr-cat" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>).</b></div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="8f5eca29914e5b138a4caa7b9e3c6d48" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1.3125rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/I3jXktFMaSM" width="640"></iframe>
<br /></h4>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="8f5eca29914e5b138a4caa7b9e3c6d48" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1.3125rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
How It Works</h4>
<div data-textannotation-id="5c3b8fb6a319e7ca041d01d7ec1bfaec" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>This technique involves internal rather than external cooling. A team of surgeons will remove all of the patient's blood, replacing it with a cold saline solution; the cold fluid is administered through a large tube, called a cannula, which is placed into the aorta, the largest artery in the body. This will slow down the body's metabolic functions, significantly reducing its need for oxygen. Then, a heart-lung bypass machine will be used to restore blood circulation and oxygenation as part of the resuscitation process. A state of profound hypothermia will be induced, at about 50ºF (10ºC), to provide a "prolonged period of cardiac arrest" after extensive bleeding. In other words, clinical death.</b></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="29dd4a9c8d423efa34e95f5c68fca864" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>The technique, which was developed by Peter Rhee, was <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039606002000855" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">successfully tested on pigs back in 2000</a> (his resulting study can be found <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456447" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>). Writing in C|Net, Michelle Starr <a href="http://www.cnet.com/news/suspended-animation-trials-to-begin-on-humans/" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">explains more</a>:</b></div>
<blockquote data-textannotation-id="e4b11d5c959f0e64bd1e68d659867439" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6; margin: 7px 0px 15px; overflow: visible; padding: 20px 25px; word-wrap: break-word;">
After inducing fatal wounds in the pigs by cutting their arteries with scalpels, the team replaced the pigs' blood with saline, which lowered their body temperature to 10 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />
All of the control pigs, whose body temperature was left alone, died. The pigs who were resuscitated at a medium speed demonstrated a 90 percent survival rate, although some of their hearts had to be given a jump start. Afterwards, the pigs demonstrated no physical or cognitive impairment.<br />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />
The technique, therefore, will only be used as an emergency measure on patients who have suffered cardiac arrest after severe traumatic injury, with their chest cavity open and having lost at least half their blood already — injuries that see only a seven percent survival rate. The survival rate of these patients will then be measured against a control group that has not received the treatment before further testing can begin.</blockquote>
<div data-textannotation-id="eb362f77453629e33c8c64b792fbc50e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<b>The human body can only be placed in this state for a few hours, so we're still quite a ways off from the suspended animation typically featured in scifi. But if this technique is any indication, we may get there just yet.</b><br />
<div style="font-size: 0.9375rem;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 0.9375rem;">
<b>Source: <a href="http://io9.com/humanity-is-now-officially-ready-for-suspended-animatio-1581727874" target="_blank">io9</a></b></div>
<div style="font-size: 0.9375rem;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 0.9375rem;">
You may also enjoy</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="02eac7d8c90ea388e321e688e072ba4a" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<br /></div>
<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding: 0px;"><div class="container" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2.25rem; position: relative;">
<div class="referenced-nav hide-for-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inherit !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="nav-arrow prev js_previous_inset" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; z-index: 1;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="referenced-item" data-inset-id="1557181713" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1.125rem 0px 0px; position: relative; width: 141px;">
<a href="http://io9.com/5916403/how-to-have-a-near-death-experience" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--KRPyLHEs--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_north,h_77,q_80,w_137/17p2bd5pvqpdcjpg.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></div>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="40beddaa542c1a8ef20346aac1d799b1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="full-headline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://io9.com/5916403/how-to-have-a-near-death-experience" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">How to Have a Near Death Experience</a></span></h6>
<div class="text small-offset-3" data-textannotation-id="59993e5e145b027fd98cc221194ffa61" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-left: 141px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inherit !important;">Nobody knows what happens to us after death — but plenty of people believe they've had a sneak …</span><a class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://io9.com/5916403/how-to-have-a-near-death-experience" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Read more</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</aside><div style="font-size: 0.9375rem;">
</div>
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; margin: 0px -1.125rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="post-bottom column" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; float: left; margin: 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 1.125rem; position: relative; width: 672px;">
<a href="" name="replies" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></a></div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 0.9375rem;">
</div>
<div class="post-content entry-content " style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div data-textannotation-id="02eac7d8c90ea388e321e688e072ba4a" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<br /></div>
<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: none; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding: 0px;"><div class="container" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2.25rem; position: relative;">
<div class="referenced-nav hide-for-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inherit !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="nav-arrow next js_next_inset" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; z-index: 1;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="referenced-item" data-inset-id="1581727609" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1.125rem 0px 0px; position: relative; width: 141px;">
<a href="http://io9.com/whoa-this-leech-survived-after-being-in-liquid-nitroge-1507557643" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--zUOediPp--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_north,h_77,q_80,w_137/19dgitjl2v2gzpng.png" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></div>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="41fb6246d7433285c7c73e18c1748712" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="full-headline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://io9.com/whoa-this-leech-survived-after-being-in-liquid-nitroge-1507557643" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Whoa, this leech survived after being in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours</a></span></h6>
<div class="text small-offset-3" data-textannotation-id="99d09c7e749f9bfe6b46715acbf48090" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0px 141px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inherit !important;">Scientists have learned that a common parasite of sea turtles is capable of surviving ridiculously…</span><a class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://io9.com/whoa-this-leech-survived-after-being-in-liquid-nitroge-1507557643" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Read more</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</aside></div>
<aside class="referenced-wide referenced-fullwidth js_inset tmpl_referencedGroupFullWidth clearfix" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding: 0px;"><div class="container" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2.25rem; position: relative;">
<div class="referenced-nav hide-for-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inherit !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="nav-arrow next js_next_inset" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; z-index: 1;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="referenced-item" data-inset-id="1581727611" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="columns small-4 medium-3 referenced-item-image referenced-item-processed" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1.125rem 0px 0px; position: relative; width: 141px;">
<a href="http://io9.com/which-animal-hibernates-the-longest-1571830549" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Ncg9DgVz--/c_fill,fl_progressive,g_north,h_77,q_80,w_137/irrfwapyv7u85r4wfcyf.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392); box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></a></div>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="72695f2ef62d00ffd0edede4ee25441d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="full-headline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://io9.com/which-animal-hibernates-the-longest-1571830549" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Which Animal Hibernates The Longest?</a></span></h6>
<div class="text small-offset-3" data-textannotation-id="0ef408f7c3c7c18576fd8089a25e44e8" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-left: 141px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="referenced-item-excerpt hide-for-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inherit !important;">Many northern animals hibernate to escape the harsh winter conditions. But a new study shows that…</span><a class="js_readmore readmore-referenced" href="http://io9.com/which-animal-hibernates-the-longest-1571830549" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Read more</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</aside></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-45219485973635695642014-04-04T23:18:00.000-07:002014-04-04T23:28:02.490-07:00WIRELESS ELECTRICITY IS HAPPENING!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="background-color: white; color: #f06615; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
Imagine a future in which wireless electricity makes everyday products more convenient, reliable, and environmentally friendly.</h1>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfs253dyEhbgRaBuSwCgCYtgOeg1UwSzJwJpRlegJlx3LpMlIuJ14PVcyaToPySbkgxh0WdSm8XRvrrmAvXYix3Oj_ERpBlpEnwTQEeLNK_kH6u4OTFVL-rz2foHS_A_woX31XMb0pxc/s1600/wireless+house.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfs253dyEhbgRaBuSwCgCYtgOeg1UwSzJwJpRlegJlx3LpMlIuJ14PVcyaToPySbkgxh0WdSm8XRvrrmAvXYix3Oj_ERpBlpEnwTQEeLNK_kH6u4OTFVL-rz2foHS_A_woX31XMb0pxc/s1600/wireless+house.jpg" height="253" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="0" id="t-0" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Early visions of wireless power</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="4000" id="t-4000" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">actually were thought of by Nikola Tesla</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="7000" id="t-7000" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">basically about 100 years ago.</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"></span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="9000" id="t-9000" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">The thought that</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="11000" id="t-11000" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">you wouldn't want to transfer electric power wirelessly,</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="14000" id="t-14000" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">no one ever thought of that. Right</span></b><br />
<b><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="14000" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR0K9-_Y8w1W1JFmylWZAbcOwOOe_SUr3dyxkmi67WmTucv2MXrzhwuWQCTgkFwF9uXD3-8NSC8xolbnAcdzXx16ZwwWGBBxr22qT8fDU-fzSNWF2uNJrk0sFzWlAevAUr0o6Kp8JMnS4/s1600/master.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR0K9-_Y8w1W1JFmylWZAbcOwOOe_SUr3dyxkmi67WmTucv2MXrzhwuWQCTgkFwF9uXD3-8NSC8xolbnAcdzXx16ZwwWGBBxr22qT8fDU-fzSNWF2uNJrk0sFzWlAevAUr0o6Kp8JMnS4/s1600/master.jpg" height="276" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="14000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><b style="color: black;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They thought, "Who would use it if you didn't?"</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="18000" id="t-18000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And so, in fact, Nikola Tesla actually set about</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="21000" id="t-21000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">doing a variety of things.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="23000" id="t-23000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Built the Tesla coil. This tower was built</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="25000" id="t-25000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">on Long Island back at the beginning of the 1900s.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="29000" id="t-29000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And the idea was, it was supposed to be able to transfer power</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="31000" id="t-31000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">anywhere on Earth. Imagine about this stuff what Tesla was built It's Incredible.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="33000" id="t-33000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">We'll never know if this stuff worked. Actually, I think the</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="35000" id="t-35000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Federal Bureau of Investigation</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="37000" id="t-37000" style="background-color: #fafae9; box-sizing: border-box;">took it down for security purposes,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="39000" id="t-39000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">sometime in the early 1900s.</span></b></span><br />
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="14000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><b style="color: black;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="39000" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgHhv73TURC1kyEQjoVHfHeJVeVDrGN4xfvs3guhIx8suhbCACPtF5tlM8hz4KH7NSzl0EPhqCWJ41oZ9Usm-lf3EENgPhAExA65n9zxm8ew05f-nL5nLY5YEcCnaBKlg5EIKRHqKZNbo/s1600/wire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgHhv73TURC1kyEQjoVHfHeJVeVDrGN4xfvs3guhIx8suhbCACPtF5tlM8hz4KH7NSzl0EPhqCWJ41oZ9Usm-lf3EENgPhAExA65n9zxm8ew05f-nL5nLY5YEcCnaBKlg5EIKRHqKZNbo/s1600/wire.jpg" height="291" width="400" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUdnoaRhn8bUJOcOebfYkdNQTDjI4INJivJuJF5hPpbO9wmwNj1vrIU8pTIyQbnB2AF09JiT8wn5LRqLaxSF0e1F6uh6N1guPZYxIeItO6N508Swp9Lju5TpgWkYj45b6-iIkFAmI_TLc/s1600/wire1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUdnoaRhn8bUJOcOebfYkdNQTDjI4INJivJuJF5hPpbO9wmwNj1vrIU8pTIyQbnB2AF09JiT8wn5LRqLaxSF0e1F6uh6N1guPZYxIeItO6N508Swp9Lju5TpgWkYj45b6-iIkFAmI_TLc/s1600/wire1.jpg" /></a><br />
<div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="14000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"></span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"></span><br />
<div style="color: #555555;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">
</span>
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" id="t-16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px;">
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px;">
<span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="16000" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;">
<b><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="39000" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: nimbus-sans, sans-serif, Arial, Verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;">A team from MIT's Department of Physics, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: nimbus-sans, sans-serif, Arial, Verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"> and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) has experimentally demonstrated an important step toward accomplishing this vision of the future & Dream of Nikola Tesla.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: nimbus-sans, sans-serif, Arial, Verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: nimbus-sans, sans-serif, Arial, Verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><b>Watch out TED Talk:</b> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; white-space: nowrap;">Eric Giler: A demo of wireless electricity</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;">
<b style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"> demos MIT's breakthrough version, WiTricity -- a near-to-market invention that may soon recharge your cell phone, car, pacemaker.</b></div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/y1GqNN2Xe7g" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 17px;">And We have witness the Advancement in Technology that occurring o</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">ver the past few years, we've seen devices, such as charging pads, pop up in stores. These pads can charge your phone without wires, simply by placing it on the pad. Would it be possible to power everything in your house without wires? Trace explains how a technology similar to WiFi could soon power your house.</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/DqQCN-aHYro?feature=player_detailpage" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">WiTricity Corp.’s vision is to develop a family of wireless electricity power</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> components that will enable OEM’s in a broad range of industries and applications to make their products truly “wireless.” </span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5NBjao0hcZzr6PZrdH_d-uQDnf127r5eTj1I2HjcZdK7vke_hFHpemzPpUUkDJigfJ-Mxao1Ry6vuqa_FxTZe75bWIloGxqk85Jh1i4AFfz60DnDhqitpEGVE29LFXRXO2-xvtl6d1sY/s1600/witricity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5NBjao0hcZzr6PZrdH_d-uQDnf127r5eTj1I2HjcZdK7vke_hFHpemzPpUUkDJigfJ-Mxao1Ry6vuqa_FxTZe75bWIloGxqk85Jh1i4AFfz60DnDhqitpEGVE29LFXRXO2-xvtl6d1sY/s1600/witricity.jpg" height="452" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Cell Phones, game controllers, Laptop, computer, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">mobile, robots, even electric vehicles capable of re-charging themselves without ever being plugged in. Flat screen TV’s and Digital picture frame </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">that hang on the wall—without requiring a wire and plug for power. Industrial systems and medical devices made more reliable by eliminating trouble prone wiring and replaceable batteries. WiTricity Corp. is working to make this future a reality, developing wireless electricity technology that will operate safely and efficiently over distances ranging from centimeters to several meters—and will deliver power ranging from milliwatts to kilowatts.</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Watch out this awesome video of <a href="http://myscienceacademy.org/2014/03/19/wireless-electricity-is-happening/" target="_blank">My science academy </a>about the wireless electricity stuff from one of the Member of MIT researcher Showing ...How it's all work? , what principle they have use? , How much safety it is to use in your house? Have Look on it.</span>
</b><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="234" src="http://edition.cnn.com/video/api/embed.html#/video/business/2014/03/14/spc-make-create-innovate-witricity.cnn" width="416"></iframe><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>If you are Interested to know more about this stuff You can checkout the link provided below in highlighted form</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>To Read More about on Dam Interesting stuff about this </b><a href="http://www.damninteresting.com/teslas-tower-of-power/" target="_blank"><b>Tesla Power of Tower</b></a><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Read more on MIT research about this wireless electricity stuff <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: nimbus-sans, sans-serif, Arial, Verdana; line-height: 1;"><a href="http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2007/wireless-0607" target="_blank">Goodbye wires!</a></span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-3523619560328907072014-03-25T22:29:00.001-07:002014-03-25T22:57:21.534-07:00 How to sequence the human genome <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: left;">How to sequence the human genome</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS5B2VO97UGq0Kok7dhT6i8yC_PVVfPIrX8YOGO5AUA7LRYjuHSLiwU0I21pmA8Ax1D1_UUlJ_6Nu7Y04iAnvmp-P-y3l1_X9QpWzZykOhuYaIfEbXa2nTwConWMyQ_TsQm6zL8A5_n2Q/s1600/HGP.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS5B2VO97UGq0Kok7dhT6i8yC_PVVfPIrX8YOGO5AUA7LRYjuHSLiwU0I21pmA8Ax1D1_UUlJ_6Nu7Y04iAnvmp-P-y3l1_X9QpWzZykOhuYaIfEbXa2nTwConWMyQ_TsQm6zL8A5_n2Q/s1600/HGP.gif" height="222" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Educational video from Ted-Ed, animated lessons.</span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/MvuYATh7Y74" width="640"></iframe>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Y</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b>Your genome, every human's genome, consists of a unique DNA sequence of A's, T's, C's and G's that tell your cells how to operate. Thanks to technological advances, scientists are now able to know the sequence of letters that makes up an individual genome relatively quickly and inexpensively. Mark J. Kiel takes an in-depth look at the science behind the sequence.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Interesting interactive infographic about the </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Human Genome</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"> discoveries time line. </span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /></b></span><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" href="http://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline?tid=4" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; background-color: white; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;" target="_blank">http://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline?tid=4</a><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">The Human Genome Project, one of the most collaborative biological projects in the world, determining the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, by the identification and mapping of the genes in the human genome.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">HGP educational links:</span></b><br />
<a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; background-color: white; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;" target="_blank">http://www.genome.gov/10001772</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><b>Gif source: teded/tumblr</b></span><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-92005686207680148792014-03-24T03:11:00.000-07:002014-03-24T03:26:32.680-07:00Gigantic Multi-touch Displays become Microscope <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Gigantic Multi-touch Displays become Microscope </b></span><br />
<h1 class="headline" style="background-color: white; color: #0b829b; font-family: FedraSansStdBook, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">
<cufon alt="Gigantic " class="cufon cufon-canvas" style="display: inline-block !important; font-size: 1px !important; height: 21px; line-height: 1px !important; position: relative !important; vertical-align: middle !important; width: 93px;"><cufontext style="display: inline-block !important; height: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important; text-indent: -10000in !important; width: 0px !important;"></cufontext></cufon><cufon alt="multitouch " class="cufon cufon-canvas" style="display: inline-block !important; font-size: 1px !important; height: 21px; line-height: 1px !important; position: relative !important; vertical-align: middle !important; width: 122px;"><canvas height="25" style="height: 25px; left: -2px; position: relative !important; top: -2px; width: 143px;" width="143"></canvas><cufontext style="display: inline-block !important; height: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important; text-indent: -10000in !important; width: 0px !important;"></cufontext></cufon><cufon alt="displays " class="cufon cufon-canvas" style="display: inline-block !important; font-size: 1px !important; height: 21px; line-height: 1px !important; position: relative !important; vertical-align: middle !important; width: 89px;"><canvas height="25" style="height: 25px; left: -2px; position: relative !important; top: -2px; width: 110px;" width="110"></canvas><cufontext style="display: inline-block !important; height: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important; text-indent: -10000in !important; width: 0px !important;"></cufontext></cufon><cufon alt="become " class="cufon cufon-canvas" style="display: inline-block !important; font-size: 1px !important; height: 21px; line-height: 1px !important; position: relative !important; vertical-align: middle !important; width: 88px;"><canvas height="25" style="height: 25px; left: -2px; position: relative !important; top: -2px; width: 108px;" width="108"></canvas><cufontext style="display: inline-block !important; height: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important; text-indent: -10000in !important; width: 0px !important;"></cufontext></cufon><cufon alt="microscopes" class="cufon cufon-canvas" style="display: inline-block !important; font-size: 1px !important; height: 21px; line-height: 1px !important; position: relative !important; vertical-align: middle !important; width: 131px;"><canvas height="25" style="height: 25px; left: -2px; position: relative !important; top: -2px; width: 146px;" width="146"></canvas><cufontext style="display: inline-block !important; height: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important; text-indent: -10000in !important; width: 0px !important;"></cufontext></cufon></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEIuZnZR06A_idiuProopoGbm8gwfJCHoRzRFhFLj6q0Z_fMuTyupiIQoMxosCkAVudWNVBqsXvzx1GIPYYBTDeyrTx8tD_14D5kI5LVJRouGi0WC75VteC_txVyN5Im40E731IplDLSw/s1600/multi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEIuZnZR06A_idiuProopoGbm8gwfJCHoRzRFhFLj6q0Z_fMuTyupiIQoMxosCkAVudWNVBqsXvzx1GIPYYBTDeyrTx8tD_14D5kI5LVJRouGi0WC75VteC_txVyN5Im40E731IplDLSw/s1600/multi.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="published" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 20px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="excerpt" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>"All training related to microscopes will become digital within ten years," believes Senior Lecturer Johan Lundin, MD, PhD, from the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland.</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Watch out the Amazing Video below it about how it's work</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">
</div>
<div class="content" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
The multitouch microscope is an innovation developed by researchers at the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) in collaboration with MultiTouch, a Finnish company. The innovation is based on two technologies created in Finland: virtual microscopy and a giant-size multitouch display.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
Traditional microscopes can only be used to examine a small part of a sample, says<strong>Johan Lundin</strong>. A virtual microscope can be used to create a comprehensive montage of the sample. The montage can consist of as many as 50,000 images.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7uVGQs5rt9xFuGXKx9lDXRXqXfWfzrgmAp7jTJnM_LJEepojmrmAdTWQCrIkrtn1xqoV4y_F3KYi7kvdOdORC5dXo8o6D_Or__H7kWXo5Pu0E59bS0NK7SuFcX7oKuxsJ48q4juabp8/s1600/Touchscreen-Microscope.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7uVGQs5rt9xFuGXKx9lDXRXqXfWfzrgmAp7jTJnM_LJEepojmrmAdTWQCrIkrtn1xqoV4y_F3KYi7kvdOdORC5dXo8o6D_Or__H7kWXo5Pu0E59bS0NK7SuFcX7oKuxsJ48q4juabp8/s1600/Touchscreen-Microscope.jpg" height="354" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
The smallest multitouch microscope displays have 46-inch screens, which make iPads seem like postage stamps. Several people can examine the same sample from a display that has been placed on a desk, for example.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
By touching the screen, the image can be enlarged and reduced in the same manner as in smartphones.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
There is one difference, though, says Lundin. Smartphones can be controlled with fingertips, but both palms are needed when zooming an image on the giant-size display of a multitouch microscope.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
The multitouch microscope is suitable for many scientific fields, including pathology, microbiology and cell biology.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5KWp4uCSAImasiiaysHFlFQ7yD07s0A4awKeaHUrk26SOblwwePzSZtTk5RmlSQOPr7iOpCa6Trv7QINmJIrZiRdLlMvpIvq_hk0-lpt0Sl6Vc_KUtCnvM44OJ8QRT0-DPpmyr5wYWNY/s1600/multitouchmicroscope.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5KWp4uCSAImasiiaysHFlFQ7yD07s0A4awKeaHUrk26SOblwwePzSZtTk5RmlSQOPr7iOpCa6Trv7QINmJIrZiRdLlMvpIvq_hk0-lpt0Sl6Vc_KUtCnvM44OJ8QRT0-DPpmyr5wYWNY/s1600/multitouchmicroscope.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
It can be used in all fields in which microscopy is needed, Lundin sums up. The multitouch microscope is particularly useful in teaching.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
It is much easier to learn than a traditional microscope, which only allows one person at a time to examine a sample. The multitouch microscope adds a new, interactive dimension to teaching.</div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
The multitouch microscope was presented to the media last week at the ChemBio Finland event at the Helsinki Exhibition & Convention Centre.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ihaM3DvyUHE?feature=player_detailpage" width="640"></iframe><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Source : <a href="http://www.fimm.fi/en/news/gigantic_multitouch_displays_become_microscopes/" target="_blank">FIMM</a></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-39723692133025051972014-03-19T00:51:00.000-07:002014-03-19T01:08:35.584-07:00Sea anemone is genetically half animal, half plant<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 id="node-title" style="background-color: #f4f4ea; color: #191919; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.847em; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-top: 0em;">
Sea Anemone is Genetically Half Animal, Half Plant</h1>
<div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-node-body clear article left no-title block" style="border-top-color: rgb(211, 213, 219); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; float: left; margin: 0px; padding-top: 0.77em; position: relative; width: 673.1875px;">
<div class="pane-content">
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-_custom_display">
<div class="field-items">
<div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></a><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaPrk5U-TkksBOd0bJd4g01V3sylAISeP6PuSwVQxPeAaB2PHeK4RenP4SYLzHuFKNHoiSfUyRP5bDk9lVWxUdXkDtY0jmUFQpb-Dq3YVb1paLA6NbbQsg8OD-ZHbOepuI_F63sEdaTNo/s1600/sea.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaPrk5U-TkksBOd0bJd4g01V3sylAISeP6PuSwVQxPeAaB2PHeK4RenP4SYLzHuFKNHoiSfUyRP5bDk9lVWxUdXkDtY0jmUFQpb-Dq3YVb1paLA6NbbQsg8OD-ZHbOepuI_F63sEdaTNo/s1600/sea.jpeg" height="320" width="266" /></a></div>
<b>Source: <a href="http://medienportal.univie.ac.at/presse/aktuelle-pressemeldungen/detailansicht/artikel/sea-anemone-is-genetically-half-animal-half-plant/" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">University of Vienna</a></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">The sea anemone shows a genomic landscape surprisingly similar to human genome, but also displays regulatory mechanisms similar to plants. A research</span> team led by evolutionary and developmental biologist Ulrich Technau at the University of Vienna discovered that sea anemones display a genomic landscape with a complexity of regulatory elements similar to that of fruit flies or other animal model systems. This suggests, that this principle of gene regulation is already 600 million years old and dates back to the common ancestor of human, fly and sea anemone. On the other hand, sea anemones are more similar to plants rather to vertebrates or insects in their regulation of gene expression by short regulatory RNAs called microRNAs. </b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>These surprising evolutionary findings are published </b><b>in two articles in the journal "Genome Research".</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>Our appearance, the shape we have and how our body works is, in addition to environmental influences, largely the result of the action of our genes. However, genes are rarely single players, they rather act in concert and regulate each other's activity and expression in gene regulatory networks.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Simple organism with complex gene content</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>In the last decades the sequencing of the human and many animal genomes showed that anatomically simple organisms such as sea anemones depict a surprisingly complex gene repertoire like higher model organisms. This implies, that the difference in morphological complexity cannot be easily explained by the presence or absence of individual genes. Some researchers hypothesized that not the individual genes code for more complex body plans, but how they are wired and linked between each other. Accordingly, researchers expected that these gene networks are less complex in simple organisms than in human or "higher" animals.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>A measurement of the complexity of gene regulation could be the distribution and density of regulatory sequences in the genome. These motifs on the DNA called enhancers and promoters can bind transcription factors specifically and often regulate the expression of target genes in specific spatio-temporal patterns. "Finding these short motifs in the ocean of nucleotides is far from trivial", explains Ulrich Technau, professor at the Department for Molecular Evolution and Development.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>While the genes constitute, in a sense, the words in the language of genetics, enhancer and promoters serve as the grammar. These regulatory elements correlate with certain biochemical epigenetic modifications of the histones, proteins intertwined with the DNA, constituting the chromatin. With the aid of a sophisticated molecular approach called chromatin immunoprecipitation, Hertha-Firnberg-fellow Michaela Schwaiger, member of Technau's team, was able to identify promoters and enhancers on a genome-wide level in the sea anemone and compared the data to regulatory landscapes of more complex and higher model organisms.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>"Since the sea anemone shows a complex landscape of gene regulatory elements similar to the fruit fly or other model animals, we believe that this principle of complex gene regulation was already present in the common ancestor of human, fly and sea anemone some 600 million years ago" , Michaela Schwaiger states.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">MicroRNAs are important for developmental processes in human…</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>Eventually, gene expression leads to the formation of proteins, the functional effectors in our body. In addition to the control of transcription of DNA to RNA, the expression of a gene can also be regulated on the post-transcriptional level after the RNA is already produced. Here, microRNAs play an important role. MicroRNAs are short regulatory RNAs, which can bind to target RNAs and inhibit their translation or lead to dissociation of the target RNA. In the last years, hundreds of microRNAs were identified in many animals and even more than 1000 microRNAs in human. Many of these have an important role in metabolism and are crucial in developmental processes. Mutations in distinct microRNAs are associated with severe diseases such as cancer. Each microRNA can bind many different RNAs in a sequence specific manner. "We assume that 30 – 50 percent of all human genes are regulated by microRNAs", Ulrich Technau illustrates. However, the evolutionary origin of animal microRNAs is still unclear.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">…and in plants</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>MicroRNAs were also discovered in plants, but it has been assumed that they arose independently from animal microRNAs, since they (1) don't show any sequence similarity to them, (2) have a different biogenesis pathway and (3) have a substantially different mode of action: Plant microRNAs bind only one to a handful of targets with high sequence specificity and induce with the aid of Argonaute proteins the specific cleavage of the target RNA. In collaboration with American, French and Norwegian groups, Ulrich Technau and his team managed to isolate 87 microRNAs from the sea anemone.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>Yehu Moran, David Fredman and Daniela Praher from the Technau team were able to show that the microRNAs of the sea anemone depict all the hallmarks of plant microRNAs: They have an almost perfect complementarity to their target RNAs, which are subsequently cleaved and not inhibited like in other animals. Moran also discovered a gene in the sea anemone, HYL-1, which is essential for the microRNA biogenesis in plants and was never detected in any other animal model organism before. Moreover, when one compares the sequences of microRNAs, one microRNA with similarity to a plant microRNA as well as one microRNA with similarity to an animal microRNA can be found. Altogether, these findings suggest the first evolutionary link between microRNAs of plants and animals.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>In summary, while the sea anemone's genome, gene repertoire and gene regulation on the DNA level is surprisingly similar to vertebrates, its post-transcriptional regulation is plant-like and probably dates back to the common ancestor of animals and plants. This is the first qualitative difference found between Cnidaria and "higher" animals and the findings provide insight on how important levels of gene regulation can evolve independently.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b>Source: <a href="http://www.biosciencetechnology.com/news/2014/03/sea-anemone-genetically-half-animal-half-plant" target="_blank">Bio science Technology </a></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Even You can Check out more on this below link</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Link 1: <a href="http://www.sciencenewsline.com/summary/2014031818060092.html">http://www.sciencenewsline.com/.html</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Link 2: <a href="http://phys.org/news/2014-03-sea-anemone-genetically-animal.html" target="_blank">PHYS ORG</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Link 3: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140318113816.htm" target="_blank">ScienceDaily</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-node-terms small clear block" id="contentPage-topics" style="clear: both; font-size: 0.85em; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-48542229060312119592014-03-14T00:17:00.003-07:002014-03-14T00:17:41.413-07:00Technique uses ATP as trigger for targeted anti-cancer drug delivery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 id="node-title" style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.847em; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-top: 0em;">
Technique uses ATP as trigger for targeted anti-cancer drug delivery</h1>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.rdmag.com/sites/rdmag.com/files/Zhen-Gu-ATPx250.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="The nanoparticles are packed with DNA molecules that are embedded with an anti-cancer drug called doxorubicin. Image: Ran Mo" border="0" src="http://www.rdmag.com/sites/rdmag.com/files/Zhen-Gu-ATPx250.jpg" /></a><div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Biomedical engineering researchers have developed a new technique that uses adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP), the so-called “energy molecule,” to trigger the release of anti-cancer drugs directly into cancer cells. Early laboratory tests show it increases the effectiveness of drugs targeting breast cancer. The technique was developed by researchers at North Carolina State Univ. and the Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: right;">
“This is a proof-of-concept, but we’ve demonstrated there is now a new tool for <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 16.5851993560791px;">The nanoparticles are packed with DNA molecules that are</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 16.5851993560791px;"> embedded with an anti-cancer drug called doxorubicin. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 16.5851993560791px;">Image: Ran Mo</span> </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
introducing anti-cancer drugs directly into cancer cells—and that should make drug treatments significantly more effective,” says Dr. Zhen Gu, senior author of a paper on the research and an asst. prof. in the joint biomedical engineering program at NC State and UNC-Chapel Hill.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Gu’s research team developed spherical nanoparticles coated with a shell that incorporates hyaluronic acid (HA), which interacts with proteins found on the surface of some cancer cells. When a targeted cancer cell comes into contact with the HA, the cell absorbs the entire nanoparticle.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Once inside the cancer cell, the nanoparticle’s shell comes apart, releasing its payload: a collection of complex DNA molecules that are embedded with an anti-cancer drug called doxorubicin (Dox), which targets the nucleus of the cancer cell.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
The DNA molecules are designed to unfold—and release the Dox—only when they come into contact with high ATP levels. High levels of ATP are normally only found inside a cell, which means the Dox is released within striking distance of the nucleus—and not inadvertently released outside the cell.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
“This is the first time ATP has been used as a molecular trigger for controlled release of anti-cancer drugs, both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>,” says Dr. Ran Mo, lead author of the paper and a postdoctoral researcher in the joint biomedical engineering program. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
In <em>in vitro</em> testing, the new technique was 3.6 times more effective against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells than techniques that don’t incorporate an ATP-targeting component.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
The researchers also tested the new technique in an <em>in vivo</em> model, using mice that had breast cancer tumors. The researchers found that the ATP-targeting technique was significantly more effective at inhibiting tumor growth compared with other techniques.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
“We also believe that we’ll be able to make the technique even more targeted by manipulating ATP levels in specific areas,” Gu says.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
The paper was published in <em>Nature Communications</em>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Source: <a href="http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-gu-atp-2014/" style="color: #6a4985; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State Univ.</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; line-height: 19.512001037597656px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">source: <a href="http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/03/technique-uses-atp-trigger-targeted-anti-cancer-drug-delivery?et_cid=3816579&et_rid=683742957&type=headline" target="_blank">R&D</a></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-33542203265624295852014-03-11T00:15:00.002-07:002014-08-30T22:41:14.700-07:00Should we redesign humans?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #351c75; font-family: 'Open Sans', OstrichSansMedium; font-size: x-large; line-height: 40px;"><b>Should we redesign humans?</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #351c75; font-family: 'Open Sans', OstrichSansMedium; font-size: x-large; line-height: 40px;"><b>Incredible Question</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #351c75; font-family: 'Open Sans', OstrichSansMedium; font-size: 40px; line-height: 40px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu0A7FuCI2XRplk1fc8PD9V1tQ5Aox97KCM4vABzhpDGtWZKpMzS3TJfkuQLUfoDI-laMgGeuWFVvdaAdPfTtG7p9dhXJPW8D0fdCya2t3fi34-E7_As4l0Gmgehme-pCO1vTPXWkhICo/s1600/SERIOUS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu0A7FuCI2XRplk1fc8PD9V1tQ5Aox97KCM4vABzhpDGtWZKpMzS3TJfkuQLUfoDI-laMgGeuWFVvdaAdPfTtG7p9dhXJPW8D0fdCya2t3fi34-E7_As4l0Gmgehme-pCO1vTPXWkhICo/s1600/SERIOUS.jpg" height="276" width="640" /></a></div>
<b style="color: #351c75; font-family: 'Open Sans', OstrichSansMedium; font-size: x-large; line-height: 40px;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDGlScPzqAvWY4Tl_yoBRO3jStQoOYMRbNekVp3e4fL9QvJE388F0ZDen9pruq2iv3h8Wl3u3nyIi2AXRgCRXJsRFEvzS7Bkn5r50JD033EFvIOX4j0_O7W5yFsgNtHNMiYJlIPx3eHBU/s1600/redes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDGlScPzqAvWY4Tl_yoBRO3jStQoOYMRbNekVp3e4fL9QvJE388F0ZDen9pruq2iv3h8Wl3u3nyIi2AXRgCRXJsRFEvzS7Bkn5r50JD033EFvIOX4j0_O7W5yFsgNtHNMiYJlIPx3eHBU/s1600/redes.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
<b style="color: #351c75; font-family: 'Open Sans', OstrichSansMedium; font-size: x-large; line-height: 40px;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', OstrichSansMedium; font-size: x-large; line-height: 40px;">Author : Kevin Russel</b><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Open Sans, PTSansRegular;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">"The age of bio-engineering is upon us, with scientists </span></span></span></b><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">understanding of how to engineer cells, tissues and organs </span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">improving at a rapid pace. Here’s how this could affect the </span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">future of our physical bodies."</span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Watch these 8 TED talks and leave a comment below if you </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">think we should redesign humans.</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Juan Enriquez: The next species of human"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Juan Enriquez: The next species of human"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Juan Enriquez: The next species of </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Juan Enriquez: The next species of human"><span style="font-size: x-large;">human</span></span></h1>
<div style="color: #656565;">
<b>Even as mega-banks topple, Juan Enriquez says the big reboot is yet to come. But don’t look for it on your ballot — or in the stock exchange. It’ll come from science labs, and it promises keener bodies and minds. Our kids are going to be … different.</b></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/JNcLKbJs3xk?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Anthony Atala: Growing new organs"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Anthony Atala: Growing new organs"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Anthony Atala: Growing new organs</span></span></h1>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">Anthony Atala’s state-of-the-art lab grows human organs — from muscles to blood vessels to bladders, and more. At TEDMED, he shows footage of his bio-engineers working with some of its sci-fi gizmos, including an oven-like bioreactor (preheat to 98.6 F) and a machine that “prints” human tissue.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/7SfRgg9botI?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?"><span style="font-size: x-large;">medicine</span></span></h1>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">Each of our bodies is utterly unique, which is a lovely thought until it comes to treating an illness — when every body reacts differently, often unpredictably, to standard treatment. Tissue engineer Nina Tandon talks about a possible solution: Using pluripotent stem cells to make personalized models of organs on which to test new drugs and treatments, and storing them on computer chips. (Call it extremely personalized medicine.)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/r6nSmSTKHGc?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Kevin Stone: The bio-future of joint replacement"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Kevin Stone: The bio-future of joint replacement"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kevin Stone: The bio-future of joint </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Kevin Stone: The bio-future of joint replacement"><span style="font-size: x-large;">replacement</span></span></h1>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">Arthritis and injury grind down millions of joints, but few get the best remedy — real biological tissue. Kevin Stone shows a treatment that could sidestep the high costs and donor shortfall of human-to-human transplants with a novel use of animal tissue.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/DL0_gcP15Ts?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Alan Russell: The potential of regenerative medicine"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Alan Russell: The potential of regenerative medicine"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alan Russell: The potential of regenerative</span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Alan Russell: The potential of regenerative medicine"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Medicine</span></span></h1>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">Alan Russell studies regenerative medicine — a breakthrough way of thinking about disease and injury by helping the body to rebuild itself. He shows how engineered tissue that “speaks the body’s language” has helped a man regrow his lost fingertip, how stem cells can rebuild damaged heart muscle, and how cell therapy can regenerate the skin of burned soldiers. This new, low-impact medicine comes just in time, Russell says — our aging population, with its steeply rising medical bills, will otherwise (and soon) cause a crisis in health care systems around the world.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/tijEl8I38mo?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney</span></span></h1>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;">Surgeon Anthony Atala demonstrates an early-stage experiment that could someday solve the organ-donor problem: a 3D printer that uses living cells to output a transplantable kidney. Using similar technology, Dr. Atala’s young patient Luke Massella received an engineered bladder 10 years ago; we meet him onstage.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #656565; font-family: 'Open Sans', PTSansRegular; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/9RMx31GnNXY?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Molly Stevens: A new way to grow bone"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Molly Stevens: A new way to grow bone</span></span></h1>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b>What does it take to regrow bone in mass quantities? Typical bone regeneration — wherein bone is taken from a patient's hip and grafted onto damaged bone elsewhere in the body — is limited and can cause great pain just a few years after operation. In an informative talk, Molly Stevens introduces a new stem cell application that harnesses bone's innate ability to regenerate and produces vast quantities of bone tissue painlessly.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/fYUaWgVF2XA?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="It's time to question bio-engineering - Paul Root Wolpe"><br /></span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="It's time to question bio-engineering - Paul Root Wolpe">It's time to question bio-engineering - </span></h1>
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="It's time to question bio-engineering - Paul Root Wolpe">Paul Root Wolpe</span></h1>
<div>
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="It's time to question bio-engineering - Paul Root Wolpe"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="It's time to question bio-engineering - Paul Root Wolpe"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 17px;"><b>Bioethicist Paul Root Wolpe describes an astonishing series of recent bio-engineering experiments, from glowing dogs to mice that grow human ears. He asks: Isn't it time to set some ground rules? </b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="It's time to question bio-engineering - Paul Root Wolpe"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="It's time to question bio-engineering - Paul Root Wolpe"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/k2NQ2SFuSN4?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Source : </span><a href="http://www.seriouswonder.com/redesign-humans" style="font-size: x-large;" target="_blank">SERIOUS WONDER</a></b><br />
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-28517130224715337842014-03-09T06:11:00.000-07:002014-03-09T06:14:44.071-07:00Human ovulation caught on camera accidentally during Hysterectomy It's really Incredible <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="color: #756857; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
Human ovulation caught on camera accidentally during Hysterectomy</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV-6MI23EWbX7P6mfxaWfGHqoUVevY8hugEt9Dm_je-K6NRSyrLI3Uhi8G7bMEwSbODkKA7V3S0WNZz3-dhQjJVN5-AuK3rDGQBlgQCAXiZfwinj4vGSeYcumcTB86yYWy7xlB-wBPcbQ/s1600/human+ovultaion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV-6MI23EWbX7P6mfxaWfGHqoUVevY8hugEt9Dm_je-K6NRSyrLI3Uhi8G7bMEwSbODkKA7V3S0WNZz3-dhQjJVN5-AuK3rDGQBlgQCAXiZfwinj4vGSeYcumcTB86yYWy7xlB-wBPcbQ/s1600/human+ovultaion.jpg" height="318" width="400" /></a></div>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="color: #756857; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;">
<br /><a href="http://www.liveitstronger.com/2014/03/human-ovulation-caught-on-camera.html" style="color: #756857; display: block; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><br /></a></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Have you ever seen a human egg?! Don’t worry human ovulation has been caught on camera for the first time. It's Really Incredible . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">But it has make to Happened by Gynaecologist Dr Jacques Donnez who spotted it in progress during a hysterectomy (A surgical removal of uterus). They belonged to a 45-year-old Belgian woman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana;">
<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;">"The release of the oocyte from the ovary is a crucial event in human reproduction," says </span><a href="http://www.endometriosiszone.org/display.asp?page=board_donnez" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #34a3d1; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.920000076293945px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="ns">Jacques Donnez</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.920000076293945px;"> at the Catholic University of Louvain (UCL) in Brussels, Belgium. "These pictures are clearly important to better understand the mechanism."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The images, which have been released by New Scientist magazine, have been described as a "fascinating insight" into "the beginnings of life".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The reddish swelling seen in the image is a follicle, from which the egg is released prior to its journey up the Fallopian tubes to the womb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Professor Alan McNeilly, from the Medical Research Council's Human Reproduction Unit in Edinburgh, told "It really is a pivotal moment in the whole process, the beginnings of life in a way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOR92Ah7_EDHkvRSgTjRW30eqElPoP0iEaz6zz3CzHaQWcQQoTgtgb2FtF2hj9WnY_8L2KJh0sRdHr48MZSg30qavygMhPzEbpOQPwQcAuPgbWYih_YeG941b2_WuFt1W78sKDgKz6w6Y/s1600/ovulation+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #cd4436; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOR92Ah7_EDHkvRSgTjRW30eqElPoP0iEaz6zz3CzHaQWcQQoTgtgb2FtF2hj9WnY_8L2KJh0sRdHr48MZSg30qavygMhPzEbpOQPwQcAuPgbWYih_YeG941b2_WuFt1W78sKDgKz6w6Y/s1600/ovulation+1.jpg" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a></div>
<br style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;" />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYaDIGYiz3Ew3VEg4fylaDgKvJhkTExq7L4jfesGcBoQexSUcGoOaKrEoVs86bPRjRUzC7Eu9xLCDTsiuzxzxQsKUWLdHVzF453m8ok4HkuregBx9zl0tAlyxzFugF0fsIDFfMyLinY9Q/s1600/ovulation+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #cd4436; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYaDIGYiz3Ew3VEg4fylaDgKvJhkTExq7L4jfesGcBoQexSUcGoOaKrEoVs86bPRjRUzC7Eu9xLCDTsiuzxzxQsKUWLdHVzF453m8ok4HkuregBx9zl0tAlyxzFugF0fsIDFfMyLinY9Q/s1600/ovulation+2.jpg" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a></div>
<br style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;" />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw1kqeu-vU7AuJq3wLj1kfUuhkj-lrWno8sjLXWW9xOPCwcZkD3YoUSGX6fBtna8WkG73KoWjHApHJtH0ZKO8momn0lbzirFfYSyK6clTnb3P_D2Qo_JhDzAYeYtCBMCYg9uU8RtgbJWQ/s1600/ovulation+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #cd4436; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw1kqeu-vU7AuJq3wLj1kfUuhkj-lrWno8sjLXWW9xOPCwcZkD3YoUSGX6fBtna8WkG73KoWjHApHJtH0ZKO8momn0lbzirFfYSyK6clTnb3P_D2Qo_JhDzAYeYtCBMCYg9uU8RtgbJWQ/s1600/ovulation+3.jpg" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a></div>
<br style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;" />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkuvo-fGuSSd-NqIsvq9CTCDGNsD_71Olcaesr4Nn9rA_nRyvBoaYAs26UarNk9VhwLdYDBtK7ewH1P7f85yY-cOuMxUSmrZf1IzPocDLcJYUhZjr8HDYfMpVv68w1DmxqkaBo6OxYnPE/s1600/ovulation+47.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #cd4436; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkuvo-fGuSSd-NqIsvq9CTCDGNsD_71Olcaesr4Nn9rA_nRyvBoaYAs26UarNk9VhwLdYDBtK7ewH1P7f85yY-cOuMxUSmrZf1IzPocDLcJYUhZjr8HDYfMpVv68w1DmxqkaBo6OxYnPE/s1600/ovulation+47.jpg" style="border-width: 0px;" /></a></div>
<br style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 12px;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana;"><br /><br />Via: <a href="http://www.liveitstronger.com/2014/03/human-ovulation-caught-on-camera.html#ixzz2vTDAbS00" style="color: #003399; outline: none;" target="_blank">Live it Stronger</a></span><br />
<br />
<i style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.920000076293945px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.</b></i><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><b>Source: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_725192501"> </a></b></span><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826604.200-human-egg-makes-accidental-debut-on-camera.html" target="_blank">http://www.newscientist.com</a></b></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-23758025272281038032014-03-04T09:50:00.000-08:002014-03-04T09:50:19.233-08:00Revolutionary membrane can keep your heart beating perfectly forever<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="headline hover-highlight hovered" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0.3rem 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><span style="font-size: large;">This Membrane Can Keep the Heart Beating Perfectly </span></span><span style="font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Forever</span></span></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCn2j5hUQLGrDvdbVsUznqylfCv0y8WSy0kt5MZXsGJCzrTCZ9es4T3ApCDJqRZCac3kuXaszgpMUc05H7VMxx2JYT4RVmvNBheJWuf4_RMk4jOevvCzSHDA_mw7FFXtrAKFW-wXPq4Ec/s1600/heart.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCn2j5hUQLGrDvdbVsUznqylfCv0y8WSy0kt5MZXsGJCzrTCZ9es4T3ApCDJqRZCac3kuXaszgpMUc05H7VMxx2JYT4RVmvNBheJWuf4_RMk4jOevvCzSHDA_mw7FFXtrAKFW-wXPq4Ec/s1600/heart.png" height="482" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"><b>“Researchers have developed a new device that may one day help prevent heart attacks. The new cardiac device - a thin, stretchable membrane imprinted with a spider-web-like network of sensors and electrodes - is custom-designed to fit over the heart and contract and expand with it as it beats.”</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; text-align: start;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Washington University in St. Louis have developed a new device that may one day help prevent heart attacks.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Unlike existing <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pace/" style="border: 0px; color: #0c4ca2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">pacemakers</a> and <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/icd/" style="border: 0px; color: #0c4ca2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">implantable defibrillators</a> that are one-size-fits-all, the new device is a thin, elastic membrane designed to stretch over the heart like a custom-made glove.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This video below shows a rabbit heart that has been kept beating outside of the body in a nutrient and oxygen-rich solution. The new cardiac device -- a thin, stretchable membrane imprinted with a spider-web-like network of sensors and electrodes -- is custom-designed to fit over the heart and contract and expand with it as it beats. Credit: University of Illinois and Washington University.</em></div>
<br /></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Mgqsd_GNivs?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
University of Illinois materials scientist <a href="http://www.matse.illinois.edu/faculty/Rogers.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0c4ca2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">John Rogers</a> co-led the team that invented the new device.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
He says they used high-resolution imaging, computer modeling, and a 3-D printer to create a plastic model of a heart. Then, they used that as a mold to make a thin, elastic membrane designed to fit snugly over the real heart’s surface.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Rogers compares the silicon version to the heart’s natural membrane, the pericardium. “But this artificial pericardium is instrumented with high quality, man-made devices that can sense and interact with the heart in different ways that are relevant to clinical cardiology,” Rogers said.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="wysiwyg-asset-image-wrapper wide" style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 578px;">
<div class="wysiwyg-asset-image" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a agency="Credit University of Illinois and Washington University" caption="This diagram illustrates the steps involved in creating the new heart device." class="cp-image-link lightbox cboxElement" href="http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/kwmu/files/201402/Figure_1a.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #0c4ca2; cursor: -webkit-zoom-in; display: block; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 1;"><img alt="" class="pi_assets-image" src="http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/kwmu/files/styles/placed_wide/public/201402/Figure_1a.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 578px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a><div class="image-meta-wrapper" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="cp-si-caption" style="border: 0px; color: #888888; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
This diagram illustrates the steps involved in creating the new heart device.</div>
<div class="cp-si-credit" style="border: 0px; color: #bfbfbf; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
Credit University of Illinois and Washington University</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Washington University biomedical engineer <a href="http://efimov.wustl.edu/people" style="border: 0px; color: #0c4ca2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Igor Efimov</a> helped design and test the new device.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
He says the membrane’s spider-web-like network of specialized electrodes can continuously monitor the heart’s electrical activity and keep it beating at a healthy rate.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“When it senses such a catastrophic event as a heart attack or arrhythmia, it can also apply a high definition therapy,” Efimov said. “So it can apply stimuli, electrical stimuli, from different locations on the device in an optimal fashion to stop this arrhythmia and prevent sudden cardiac death.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Efimov calls the new device a huge advance and hopes it will be approved for use in patients in 10 to 15 years.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Their research is published in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140225/ncomms4329/full/ncomms4329.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0c4ca2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nature Communications</em></a>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Via <span style="color: #262626; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Hashem AL-ghaili</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">Source: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/wash-u-u-i-scientists-use-3-d-printer-help-create-prototype-next-gen-pacemakerxt-gen-pacemaker">http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/wash-u-u-i-scientists-use-</a></b></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;"><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;">Even you can check out : At <a href="http://sploid.gizmodo.com/revolutionary-membrane-can-keep-your-heart-beating-perf-1534678803?utm_campaign=socialflow_gizmodo_facebook&utm_source=gizmodo_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow" target="_blank"><b>SPLOID</b></a> also</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-81960238465128884912014-02-22T05:01:00.001-08:002014-02-22T05:01:14.818-08:00Scientists just created some of the most powerful muscles in existence<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="headline hover-highlight hovered" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 2.375rem; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0.3rem 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Scientists just created some of the most powerful muscles in existence</h1>
<div>
<div class="meta-container" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.8125rem; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 2.2rem; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<div class="meta-avatar js_author" data-blogid="668" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<img alt="Scientists just created some of the most powerful muscles in existence" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gb2nbwnsotegif/ku-xlarge.gif" data-chomp-id="19gb2nbwnsotegif" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gb2nbwnsotegif/ku-xlarge.gif" height="321" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; cursor: crosshair !important; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; height: auto; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></div>
</div>
<div class="post-content" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="first-text" data-textannotation-id="c31b47b1bb23c88a223424fba785496e" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
In a surprising breakthrough for the world of materials science, researchers have created some of the most powerful artificial muscles we've ever seen. And they did it with simple fishing line. These freakishly strong and cheap muscles could revolutionize robotics, and perhaps one day our own bodies.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<aside class="referenced-wide six medium-6 right columns" data-ids="5849911" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: none; margin: 8px 0px 8px 1.125rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.125rem; position: relative; width: 318px;"><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.875rem; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;">RELATED</span><div class="container position-relative" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 1.125rem 0px 12px;">
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px -1.125rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="referenced-item twelve columns" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1.125rem; position: relative; width: 336px;">
<div class="six mobile-two small-6 columns pln" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 1.125rem; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 150px;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; display: block; line-height: inherit; position: relative; text-decoration: none;"><br /></span><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; display: block; line-height: inherit; position: relative; text-decoration: none;"><img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/t_k-small/18lps3h6wmjt7jpg.jpg" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></div>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="9aec7acbc1dd73c2691565053d5e1af1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<br /></h6>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="9aec7acbc1dd73c2691565053d5e1af1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<a href="http://io9.com/5849911/scientists-have-used-carbon-nanotubes-to-engineer-the-most-powerful-artificial-muscles-ever" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Scientists have used carbon nanotubes to engineer the most powerful artificial muscles ever</a></h6>
<div class="text-small" data-textannotation-id="878f6ded4b2caaaaed7729835d47c398" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.6; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Will the wonders of carbon nanotubes never cease? Engineers have now used everyone's favorite cylindrical übermolecules to create artificial… <a href="http://io9.com/5849911/scientists-have-used-carbon-nanotubes-to-engineer-the-most-powerful-artificial-muscles-ever" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Read…</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</aside><br />
<div data-textannotation-id="c063817f460548c09b320958ac48d00f" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Ray Baughman, director of the <a href="http://nanotech.utdallas.edu/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">NanoTech Institute at the University of Texas at Dallas</a>, has spent much of his career trying to build<a href="http://io9.com/5849911/scientists-have-used-carbon-nanotubes-to-engineer-the-most-powerful-artificial-muscles-ever" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">artificial muscles out expensive, cutting-edge materials like carbon nanotubes</a>. But Baughman's team recently discovered that elegant solutions can come in cheap and easy packages: the answers to many of their research questions could be bought for $5 at a local tackle shop. Sometimes, scientific discoveries are just a matter of rethinking how we use something that's part of our everyday lives.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="eb6352733394bdfc76b4b90e5e580a75" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: inherit;">Above: A "breathing" textile, engineered from Baughman's team's new artificial musculature</small></em></div>
<h3 data-textannotation-id="b44d287dd5f9d31ac02e66d9590369be" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1.5625rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
A Clever Twist on Old Technology</h3>
<div data-textannotation-id="00882142248684636b9e4ba4f9c2276f" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
How do you get muscle out of a fishing line? First, you have to create tension that can be released.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="d0d36d3aa997cc4c576c64d15fbbae9f" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
It's a simple process that goes by an equally simple moniker: "twist insertion." Researchers led by Baughman describe the technique in detail <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6173/868" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">in this week's issue of </a><em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6173/868" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Science</a></em>, but the gist is as straightforward as it sounds. One end of a high-strength polymer fiber (like a 50 pound test-line, for example, available at pretty much any sporting goods store) is held fast, while the other is weighted and twisted. Twist a little and the line becomes an artificial "torsional" muscle that exerts energy by spinning. Twist a lot, however, and something interesting happens: the cord coils over on itself, creating an ordered series of stacking loops:</div>
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="d69013feb3aafa6d5b6f01f3a5c66514" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 636px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 640px; position: relative;"><img alt="Scientists just created some of the most powerful muscles in existence" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gadmgdohhb1gif/ku-xlarge.gif" data-chomp-id="19gadmgdohhb1gif" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gadmgdohhb1gif/ku-xlarge.gif" height="261" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair !important; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="19gadmgdohhb1gif" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 10px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span></div>
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="5ccb2975b1178b491cdebd12f1a5bf6d" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 636px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="19gb2nbwnsotegif" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 10px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="c08c83c6b35b8c09daf980281061b0bb" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
There's a decent chance you've seen this kind of looping before, maybe while twiddling your shoelace, a length of excess yarn, or – who knows? – a fishing line between your thumb and forefinger. Another good example, Baughman tells io9, is a rubber-band-powered plane. "If you finger-spin the propeller, initially what you see is that the rubber band just twists," he says, "but if you add more twist you get these nucleated coils."</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/vHLQLMfCUs8" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
<div data-textannotation-id="fc2c70795a1aad6cf9ad5ef6c9381fb4" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: inherit;">First author Carter Haines, a PhD Candidate in Baughman's lab, demonstrates twist insertion | Credit: UT Dallas</small></em></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="e507d2f1f96646ad8b6aca879d6b8bf3" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
And it turns out that in high-strength, low-cost polymer fibers like fishing line and sewing thread, the emergence of these coils signals a fundamental shift in the material's properties. It goes from being an artificial <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">torsional</em> muscle to a powerful, artificial <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">tensile</em> muscle. That means it becomes an actuator that contracts when activated, just like the muscles in our bodies do. What's more, these artificial muscles are really, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">really </em>strong.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="e507d2f1f96646ad8b6aca879d6b8bf3" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/-ArDrCypBRA" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
<div data-textannotation-id="ebd9b110c50ff9b16863cdae918abe59" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Study co-author Márcio D. Lima demonstrates the strength and energy density of his team's artificial muscles</em></small></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="e06360ebe4fb2b11c5208eaa680fe5ce" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
"The energy per cycle that we obtain from these artificial muscles, and their weightlifting abilities, are extraordinary," says Baughman. "They can lift about 100 times heavier weight and generate about 100-times higher power than natural muscle of the same weight and length." When Baughman says power, he's referring to the the rate at which these artificial muscles perform (i.e. the work they carry out per unit time). It's a measurement that most people are accustomed to hearing expressed in units of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">horsepower</a>. Buaghman's fishing line muscles can generate about seven horsepower of mechanical power per kilogram of polymer fiber. That's the kind of power-to-weight ratio you see with jet engines –about five-times that of your typical internal combustion engine.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="dff5c4a711a6a54821ff9d774be2ffc1" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
The researchers' artificial muscles can be triggered by a range of stimuli, but the common denominator of activation is heat. In the video a couple of paragraphs up, a bundle of 4 artificial muscles made from fishing line contracts and relaxes when exposed to an intermittent bath of hot water, lifting and releasing a 30-pound stack of weights.</div>
<div class="has-media media-300" data-textannotation-id="278be4cbd6a2c30297af8ade12e9fba6" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 1.125rem; padding: 5px 1.125rem 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 318px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; position: relative;"><img alt="Scientists just created some of the most powerful muscles in existence" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gaprnn7e24egif/original.gif" data-chomp-id="19gaprnn7e24egif" height="310" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gaprnn7e24egif/original.gif" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair !important; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="19gaprnn7e24egif" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 10px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="4480c178ff5b9b9b9e6f9966da5cf760" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Another approach, illustrated by the animation on the left, is to create a coil of artificial muscle from silver-coated nylon sewing thread, which can be heated by passing electricity through it and passively cooled by immersing it in water. In this demonstration, a 180 micrometer diameter (about twice the width of an average human hair) piece of silver-coated nylon is used to lift and release a 100g weight at a rate of five times a second. A third option is to coat coiled threads with a material that absorbs photons and heating them by and exposing them to light.</div>
<h3 data-textannotation-id="d0c4e8b1195033f0aa96661a06212b96" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1.5625rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Cheap, Strong and Versatile</h3>
<div data-textannotation-id="f0b572d147e22b0acb4aecfcc9c8601e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Baughman and his colleagues report that their new artificial muscles are every bit as strong and effective as shape memory <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">alloys</a> (<a href="http://makezine.com/2012/01/31/skill-builder-working-with-shape-memory-alloy/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">some of which have been around for close to half a century</a>), and other artificial muscle materials like carbon nanotubes. Existing artificial muscle technologies are also more difficult to produce, and often <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">less</em> mechanically efficient than these simple coils of twisted fishing line. And here's the real kicker: the materials used in conventional artificial muscles can be orders of magnitude more expensive than high-strength polymer fiber. For example, the carbon nanotubes used to design <a href="http://bit.ly/1l2ZU6H" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">the artificial muscle Baughman himself engineered in 2011</a> runs on the order of $5,000 per kilogram. The same quantity of fishing line costs just five bucks.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="c63a30ff6ee529129e101bc035fff4d8" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
What's more, existing technologies are often plagued by something call <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">hysteresis</a>. Hysteresis, in the world of materials science, means that the activity of your artificial muscle depends not only on temperature, but on the history of the muscle's activity. The upshot is that shape memory alloys can't be used effectively if you want to control the position of your artificial muscle with any degree of sensitivity. Baughman's fishing-line muscles don't have that problem, and in fact demonstrate a wide range of precise, temperature-dependent control.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="64ffae8c1472bc034e6458dcd6f549fc" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
The team's artificial muscles also demonstrate impressive versatility. The performance of each coil can be varied based on the weight applied to the end of the cord during twist insertion, and, of course, by the total number of twists. A cord forced to coil in a direction opposite its twist-direction will expand when heated, rather than contract. Fibers can be twisted, coiled, pleated, plied and braided into all manner of configurations, some with the aid of a heat gun (what basically amounts to a fancy hair dryer, the heat gun is used to fix the cord into a desired configuration through a process known as "annealing"), and many without. The results are beautiful, and, in theory, limitless:</div>
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="a3f27f5ad8d0d309d262280f74aec450" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 636px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 640px; position: relative;"><img alt="Scientists just created some of the most powerful muscles in existence" class="transform-ku-xlarge js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gatn73w19uvpng/ku-xlarge.png" data-chomp-id="19gatn73w19uvpng" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/19gatn73w19uvpng.png" height="259" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gatn73w19uvpng/ku-xlarge.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair !important; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="19gatn73w19uvpng" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 10px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.75rem; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="101ab1bc9c6319970d0494feea4ec704" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"><small style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: inherit;">Artificial muscle configurations, courtesy AAAS</small></em></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="735ce88a4efd7e8ae7e6decf2139b998" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Arguably the most important property of these muscles, when it comes to versatility, is their scalability. "We can use 2 pound test line or we can use 700 pound test line," Baughman tells us, "and if we insert twist identically in those two different fibers we can get the same work per volume capabilities for both synthetic muscles." The difference, of course, is that the large diameter muscle lifts a lot of weight, while the small diameter muscle lifts a little. How you bundle the fibers matters, too: a single length of artificial muscles, made from a fishing line about ten times the width of a human hair, can lift about 16 pounds. Arrange 125 of them together and you could lift a ton.</div>
<h3 data-textannotation-id="6a60efb23bff6134544d8f1a506bfaac" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1.5625rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
So what can they do?</h3>
<div data-textannotation-id="a707de0d89bee975756a808d0b19706e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Versatility in strength and size translates to versatility in implementation – we're talking nano-scale, macro-scale, and everything in between. Here is a handful of the potential applications that Baughman listed when he talked to us:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem 1.125rem; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<li data-textannotation-id="6b10b6ef2cff5076c8e3b7e0c800548f" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.125rem;">Musculature for humanoid robots (yes, he started with humanoid robots).</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="7622a3a407ca2366f416403c39b71ee6" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.125rem;">Designing realistic face musculature for humanoid robots, to address issues surrounding the uncanny valley.</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="c1600d037efd6f6a3bd47d62173334fc" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.125rem;">Comfort adjusting textiles that change their porosity, and therefore their breathability, in response to their environment (the animation at the top of this post demonstrates the team's proof of concept for this application).</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="8fc90f11c13da7703e42d128e0721464" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.125rem;">Prosthetics.</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="822c5b936ecc9e7ce3c3b96001089977" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.125rem;">Gas or liquid filters that open and close in a temperature-dependent fashion.</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="0cc5d4421a2bb7ae08cc3e354ffdca64" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.125rem;">Nanoscale architecture (in the development, for example, of more efficient labs-on-chips).</li>
</ul>
<div class="has-media media-300" data-textannotation-id="9bfebf1391adec4d37e7e8ef314bf3c9" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 1.125rem; padding: 5px 1.125rem 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 318px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 300px; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; position: relative;"><img alt="Scientists just created some of the most powerful muscles in existence" class="transform-ku-medium js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gav3ncjazx6gif/ku-medium.gif" data-chomp-id="19gav3ncjazx6gif" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/19gav3ncjazx6gif.gif" height="342" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19gav3ncjazx6gif/ku-medium.gif" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair !important; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="19gav3ncjazx6gif" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 10px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 0.75rem; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="16b3de301d6c0e9894bbab318025d5f2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Here's an application that we found particularly interesting, which you can see in this animation. This is a window shutter, eletrothermally driven by a coiled stretch of silver-coated nylon, that reacts to ambient temperature to open and close, thereby regulating the inside temperature of the building in which it is installed.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="b7eb70bdd5b442b8d7f329321b07bdbb" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
"Another thing we've done is use these muscles for harvesting waste thermal energy," says Baughman. Many industrial processes release heat as a byproduct – heat that could be used to power coils of artificial muscle polymers. "Imagine you have a hot waste stream and available cold water," says Baughman. "We found you can pass hot water cold water over our muscles and generate about seven horsepower of mechanical energy per kilogram of polymer."</div>
<h3 data-textannotation-id="405e97e3202bb03032c7a8bb8a0dc124" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 1.5625rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">What's Next?</strong></h3>
<div data-textannotation-id="2f5f92cc6f72907cf2cd9f4db9ea0d7c" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Baughman couldn't tell us about the "strangest" applications for his team's new artificial muscles, "for both publication and patent reasons" – but then, he says, that's the nature of a discovery as new as this. "We're improving what we have. Shape memory wire is more than fifty years old. Our technology is just a little over a year old. This is just the beginning."</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="7dc0e0a5ccbe725567bef1bb96195c75" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
Boris Yakobson – a professor of materials science and mechanical engineering at Rice University who was not involved in the study – praised the researchers' work for its "multiscale nature" in an email to io9. "With the clever micromechanical design of a twisted fiber, it connects the fundamentals of conformational entropy of the molecular chains in everyday fishing line right on through to the overall macro-contraction, which can be utilized in variety of tantalizing applications."</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="ce7fabb11f2788b582a11d070de68c47" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
That Baughman's team's design is as versatile, affordable and easy to reproduce as it is suggests that we could see it popping up on real-world applications very soon. As for right now, Baughman says his team is focused on increasing the efficiency of its artificial muscles. Yakobson, for his part, agrees there could be room for improvement in this area.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="64ced403e5ba7caa4fe334af9291909f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
"I wonder how the [cooling of the artificial muscles] can be accelerated for faster actuator performance," he writes. "Immersion into liquids, which the researchers suggest, can help with cooling, but on the other hand its viscosity may slow down the mechanics, so there should be room for optimization there."</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="a93664f91b3e378c027a587c7375ae7d" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; word-break: break-word;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">The researchers' findings are published <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6173/868" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">in the latest issue of </a><em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6173/868" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Science</a></em>.</strong></div>
<b>Via Medical Futurist</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Source: <a href="http://io9.com/scientists-just-created-some-of-the-most-powerful-muscl-1526957560?tiger=on" target="_blank">io9</a></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-61302856132377421272014-02-20T08:38:00.006-08:002014-02-20T09:22:33.293-08:00Google unveils diabetes testing contact lens prototype <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="yt" id="watch-headline-title" style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 5px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal;">
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Google unveils diabetes testing contact lens prototype - Truthloader"><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: x-large;">Google unveils diabetes testing contact lens</span></span></h1>
<div>
<span class="watch-title long-title yt-uix-expander-head" dir="ltr" style="-webkit-user-select: auto; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.03em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Google unveils diabetes testing contact lens prototype - Truthloader"><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PRd9z_UAKFhOPsthxAcJc2fXcWccDj9jloHnkcTB41rIrAwph-9QSSHJbXHyaGXu0bfTUyuO9Z6YiqyQrUdmPGnN0-iiE7veVgGWq-5OM1VIHDejkNL5i57USNNSL15l86-P5c3OzYM/s1600/senso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PRd9z_UAKFhOPsthxAcJc2fXcWccDj9jloHnkcTB41rIrAwph-9QSSHJbXHyaGXu0bfTUyuO9Z6YiqyQrUdmPGnN0-iiE7veVgGWq-5OM1VIHDejkNL5i57USNNSL15l86-P5c3OzYM/s1600/senso.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b>Google have jumped on the wearable electronics band wagon with a prototype contact lens which could be a lifeline to millions of diabetes sufferers worldwide. The lens measures the glucose levels in the tears of the wearer using a minute sensor, which it analyses to assess their blood sugar level.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/dx84yfCC-5s?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-8164218642355131292014-02-20T08:34:00.001-08:002014-02-20T08:34:48.142-08:00Artificial Photosynthesis System as efficient as plants and can reduce CO2 <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFM2sZUhboKHQgH1RIc0Ob-cvhAnMFjgh0KCTkYPtE50bk95bW_3MUKtvIJQ93m7PFYGUbRzXRnN0ycWGMK3ml6-OsR-nsxEC8AJjEv7EdWyL4YQaDdI29SbPhisn9Sa43ZIME3wPQzug/s1600/photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFM2sZUhboKHQgH1RIc0Ob-cvhAnMFjgh0KCTkYPtE50bk95bW_3MUKtvIJQ93m7PFYGUbRzXRnN0ycWGMK3ml6-OsR-nsxEC8AJjEv7EdWyL4YQaDdI29SbPhisn9Sa43ZIME3wPQzug/s1600/photo.jpg" height="287" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>An Artificial Photosynthesis Synthesis developed by Panasonic could solve Global warming & Energy issues. Efficiency level on the part with plant have been achieved , with CO2 being converted into useful organic substances. In the future, Panasonic hopes to operate artificial photosynthesis plants, which would absorb CO2 from factories & produce Ethanol.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/q2lPQWL3o0U?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-1141852367908689022014-02-17T02:52:00.002-08:002014-02-17T02:52:27.683-08:00 Scientists in Texas 'Grow' Human Lungs First time in a Lab<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 30px; line-height: 33px; margin: 15px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;">
<br /><span style="color: #20124d;">Human lung made in lab for first time</span></h1>
<div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">watch out the video embedded in source link below</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9n3jI1rDI9doRxPJH8Kz7XzCqvqs8A6pNFfEDrewvQ-1epvOKxrSgwJgz9kwWGtSHJf3M-SlGwS-fBPFzKHrFkN_cJZPWZJJ5R1-ETkNApgUoMA3QflR5lZle4NjydNz3J8XLcRmDn8w/s1600/lungs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9n3jI1rDI9doRxPJH8Kz7XzCqvqs8A6pNFfEDrewvQ-1epvOKxrSgwJgz9kwWGtSHJf3M-SlGwS-fBPFzKHrFkN_cJZPWZJJ5R1-ETkNApgUoMA3QflR5lZle4NjydNz3J8XLcRmDn8w/s1600/lungs.jpg" height="471" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">For the first time, scientists have created human lungs in a lab -- an exciting step forward in regenerative medicine, but an advance that likely won't help patients for many years.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;">"It's so darn cool," said Joan Nichols, a researcher at the University of Texas Medical Branch. "It's been science fiction and we're moving into science fact."If the lungs work -- and that's a big if -- they could help the more than 1,600 people awaiting a lung transplant. Lungs are one of many body parts being manufactured in the lab -- some parts, such as tracheas and livers, are even further along.</span></div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph4" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
"Whole-organ engineering is going to work as a solution to the organ donor shortage," said Dr. Stephen Badylak, deputy director of the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh.</div>
<div class="cnn_strylftcntnt" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: left; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="cnn_strylctcntr cnn_strylccimg300" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px 22px 20px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 300px;">
<div class="cnn_strylccimg300cntr" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 169px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 300px;">
<img alt="Image A is before new cells were reseeded. The finished product is image B." border="0" class="box-image" height="169" src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/140214150321-lung-comparison-story-body.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="300" /></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
Image A is before new cells were reseeded. The finished product is image B.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph5" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/25/health/live-organ-transplants/index.html" style="border: 0px; color: #004276; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">New transplant technology keeps organs 'alive' outside body</a></div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph6" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
The researchers in Galveston, Texas, started with lungs from two children who'd died from trauma, most likely a car accident, Nichols said. Their lungs were too damaged to be used for transplantation, but they did have some healthy tissue.</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph7" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
They took one of the lungs and stripped away nearly everything, leaving a scaffolding of collagen and elastin.</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph8" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
The scientists then took cells from the other lung and put them on the scaffolding. They immersed the structure in a large chamber filled with a liquid "resembling Kool-Aid," Nichols said, which provided nutrients for the cells to grow. After about four weeks, an engineered human lung emerged.</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph10" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
The lab-made lungs look very much like the real thing, Nichols says, just pinker, softer and less dense.</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph11" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
Nichols said she thinks it will be another 12 years or so until they'll be ready to try using these lungs for transplants.</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph12" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
"My students will be doing the work when I'm old and retired and can't hold a pipette anymore," she said.</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph13" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/22/health/baby-surgery/index.html" style="border: 0px; color: #004276; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3-D printer helps save dying baby</a></div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph14" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
Before researchers experiment on humans, they'll try out lab-made lungs on pigs, she said.</div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph15" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
Doctors have already had success <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/07/07/trachea.transplant/" style="border: 0px; color: #004276; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">transplanting patients with synthetic tracheas</a>. The first procedure was done in 2011, and since then, six more have been done.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" name="em2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"></span><a href="" name="em3" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"></span></div>
<div class="cnn_storypgraphtxt cnn_storypgraph16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 0px 24px 19px 186px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
Two of the patients have died of causes unrelated to their tracheas, said David Green, CEO of Harvard Apparatus Regenerative Technology, which makes equipment used to make engineered body parts.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source: <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/14/health/texas-lungs-grown">http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/14/health/texas-lungs-grown</a>/ even watch out Video embedded in</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Even Checkout the other links</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. <a href="http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/1421828-scientists-grow-human-lungs-fish-tank">http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/1421828-scientists-grow-human-lungs-fish-tank</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. <a href="http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/12925/20140215/scientists-in-texas-grow-human-lungs-in-a-fish-tank.htm">Science world Report</a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-81292714876353699572014-02-17T02:40:00.000-08:002014-02-17T02:40:03.226-08:00THE RISE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">THE RISE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (with video)</span></b></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA_YSz1k7d1Px8EwCmsoR62i7kXUxFQP786EzaKFFHkeaYka7E37Pa5TLwfEHWij3SVcYPTQsgfqk-O6_0nJ8Aq6YRlwdZySK1tkJ8ZEF_8n8RHM0EjvlGLt31PXQ8DVelK2XzlAbHpjI/s1600/ai2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA_YSz1k7d1Px8EwCmsoR62i7kXUxFQP786EzaKFFHkeaYka7E37Pa5TLwfEHWij3SVcYPTQsgfqk-O6_0nJ8Aq6YRlwdZySK1tkJ8ZEF_8n8RHM0EjvlGLt31PXQ8DVelK2XzlAbHpjI/s1600/ai2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">The Rise of Artificial Intelligence</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">Artificial intelligence is an ever evolving goal for researchers, and the object of </span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">endless fascination for writers, filmmakers, and the general public. But despite </span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">our best science fiction visions, creating digital intelligence is incredibly </span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTJg7t7Vd4isFH4hwTRGai1TNHLNlY_RimrXU0Bt3yPjY8To40O0m3s__ByXpN_jOe9CLZSfMlUSe11rYAXwMb5v6OU2jOfFWp6ywIbfBZnnwcW671kWgJ0gKUXFMq23HWTqQEWbe7ng/s1600/ai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTJg7t7Vd4isFH4hwTRGai1TNHLNlY_RimrXU0Bt3yPjY8To40O0m3s__ByXpN_jOe9CLZSfMlUSe11rYAXwMb5v6OU2jOfFWp6ywIbfBZnnwcW671kWgJ0gKUXFMq23HWTqQEWbe7ng/s1600/ai.jpg" /></a><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">difficult. The universe is a very complicated place, and humans have had </span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">millions of years to evolve the ability to navigate and make sense of it.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">Contemporary attempts to create AI have us looking more at how our own </span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">brains work to see how a computer could simulate the core activities that </span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">create our intelligence. No matter how we get there, it is certain that artificial </span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">intelligence will have tremendous impact on our society and economy, and lead us down a path towards evolving our own definitions of humanity. </span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;">Video:</span><a href="http://www.sciencegymnasium.com/2013/11/the-rise-of-artificial-intelligence.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17.940000534057617px;" target="_blank">http://www.sciencegymnasium.com/2013/11/the-rise-of-artificial-intelligence.html</a></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-29487704504469611182014-02-15T03:24:00.001-08:002014-02-15T03:39:03.835-08:008 Great Philosophical Questions That We'll Never Solve<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<header class="mtn mbl" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px !important; margin-top: 0px !important;"><h1 class="headline hover-highlight" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 38px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
8 Great Philosophical Questions That We'll Never Solve</h1>
</header><br />
<div class="row post-content" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px -18px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="18912055eeaa5d194f16c4265016abee" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 672px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803z54utw4z8jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803z54utw4z8jpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803z54utw4z8jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" height="360" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="640" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803z54utw4z8jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span></div>
<div id="js_adsense-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px;">
</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<aside class="referenced-wide six medium-6 right columns" data-ids="5907179" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #222222; float: right; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 8px 0px 8px 18px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px 18px; position: relative; width: 336px;"><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;"><br /></span><span class="text-upper proxima referenced-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: -5px; z-index: 1;">RELATED</span><div class="container position-relative" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(136, 136, 136); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; padding: 18px 0px; position: relative;">
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px -18px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="referenced-item twelve columns" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; float: left; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px 18px; position: relative; width: 336px;">
<div class="six mobile-two small-6 columns pln" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; float: left; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 18px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; width: 150px;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; display: block; line-height: inherit; position: relative; text-decoration: none;"><br /></span><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; display: block; line-height: inherit; position: relative; text-decoration: none;"><img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/t_k-small/17lfe60xn4j37jpg.jpg" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></span></div>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="d5872149856a42fef8a4fd1d7742544d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
</h6>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="d5872149856a42fef8a4fd1d7742544d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<br /></h6>
<h6 class="headline" data-textannotation-id="d5872149856a42fef8a4fd1d7742544d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<a href="http://io9.com/5907179/why-physicists-need-philosophers" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Why Physicists Need Philosophers</a></h6>
<div class="text-small" data-textannotation-id="d8542d941bb0cd29b498ab37e50961ec" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;">
There's a spat brewing between some theoretical physicists and philosophers of science recently, and NPR's Adam Frank has all the details.… <a href="http://io9.com/5907179/why-physicists-need-philosophers" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">Read…</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</aside><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6;">
</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6;">
</div>
<div class="first-text" data-textannotation-id="4fdc0d1c80199e2401354638b522a332" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Philosophy <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://io9.com/5907179/why-physicists-need-philosophers" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">goes where hard science can't, or won't</a>. Philosophers have a license to speculate about everything from metaphysics to morality, and this means they can shed light on some of the basic questions of existence. The bad news? These are questions that may always lay just beyond the limits of our comprehension.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="9d6b91f3d0b22e6634b60a63335017a6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Here are eight mysteries of philosophy that we'll probably never resolve.</div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="c7fb5af6e0341dcd951366303db1b502" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
1. Why is there something rather than nothing?</span></h4>
<div class="has-media media-470" data-textannotation-id="4e0dd458f5a5af54e8e95153e2c82c8e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 18px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 336px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 300px; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-ku-medium js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803x69notsadjpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803x69notsadjpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803x69notsadjpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/1803x69notsadjpg.jpg" height="240" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 300px;" width="320" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803x69notsadjpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 1px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 12px; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="f1af25189b6d0043500d25cfe4f43b05" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px;">
Our presence in the universe is something too bizarre for words. The mundaneness of our daily lives cause us take our existence for granted — but every once in awhile we're cajoled out of that complacency and enter into a profound state of existential awareness, and we ask: Why is there all this<em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">stuff</em> in the universe, and why is it governed by such exquisitely precise laws? <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">And why should anything exist at all?</em> We inhabit a universe with such things as spiral galaxies, the aurora borealis, and SpongeBob Squarepants. And as Sean Carroll <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2012/04/28/a-universe-from-nothing/" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">notes</a>, "Nothing about modern physics explains why we have these laws rather than some totally different laws, although physicists sometimes talk that way — a mistake they might be able to avoid if they took philosophers more seriously." And as for the philosophers, the best that they can come up with is the <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.anthropic-principle.com/" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">anthropic principle</a> — the notion that our particular universe appears the way it does by virtue of our presence as observers within it — a suggestion that has an uncomfortably tautological ring to it.</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222;">"There is amazing series of "</span><span style="color: red;">Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman</span><span style="color: #222222;">" organized by science channel has interesting collection of research done on the amazing & mysteries & unanswered Question of Science....so For Many of the This above Philosophical Question there is documentary or video individually...as made available on this page Below as a link form ; If it is present on YouTube or either I'll provide you link for that to download that video as complete program." from Torrent</span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjreDyAfFSO-QSGQli-J5odkAayQhbKozlZn-NJQzGJjxa6WGhAL1BXW54aeqkqoeuRU05YmiX1jJi4w2tubNHNg6vQrpoohMnJEILK03XQmpWk0U2wLDK4jb9NjyLauy1dVdlF84l26co/s1600/worm+hole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjreDyAfFSO-QSGQli-J5odkAayQhbKozlZn-NJQzGJjxa6WGhAL1BXW54aeqkqoeuRU05YmiX1jJi4w2tubNHNg6vQrpoohMnJEILK03XQmpWk0U2wLDK4jb9NjyLauy1dVdlF84l26co/s1600/worm+hole.jpg" height="269" width="320" /></a></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="f1af25189b6d0043500d25cfe4f43b05" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<br /></div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="56da38f3d74fd292904286319739c245" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/VIj11yAbJQc?feature=player_detailpage" width="640"></iframe></h4>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="56da38f3d74fd292904286319739c245" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></h4>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="56da38f3d74fd292904286319739c245" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
2. Is our universe real?</span></h4>
<div class="has-media media-470" data-textannotation-id="8da2a4bf05e370ea0e9247127914155e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 18px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 336px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 300px; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-ku-medium js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803xi1vel6hbjpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803xi1vel6hbjpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803xi1vel6hbjpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/1803xi1vel6hbjpg.jpg" height="289" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 300px;" width="320" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803xi1vel6hbjpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 1px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 12px; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="c0ac398c4a488f45bc8b65794666954c" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.6;">
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px;">
This the classic Cartesian question. It essentially asks, how do we know that what we see around us is the real deal, and not some grand illusion perpetuated by an unseen force (who René Descartes referred to as the hypothesized ‘evil demon')? More recently, the question has been reframed as the "brain in a vat" problem, or the<a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.simulation-argument.com/simulation.html" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Simulation Argument</a>. And it could very well be that we're the products of an elaborate simulation. A deeper question to ask, therefore, is whether the civilization running the simulation is also in a simulation — a kind of supercomputer regression (or simulationception). Moreover, we may not be who we think we are. Assuming that the people running the simulation are also taking part in it, our true identities may be temporarily suppressed, to heighten the realness of the experience. This philosophical conundrum also forces us to re-evaluate what we mean by "real." <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/david-lewis/#6" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Modal realists</a>argue that if the universe around us seems rational (as opposed to it being dreamy, incoherent, or lawless), then we have no choice but to declare it as being real and genuine. Or maybe, as Cipher said after eating a piece of "simulated" steak in <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">The Matrix</em>, "Ignorance is bliss."</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px;">Even checkout The full documentary of </span><span style="color: #351c75; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://kickass.to/through-the-wormhole-s04e08-is-reality-real-hdtv-xvid-afg-t7630207.html" target="_blank">"Is Reality Real"</a></b></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px;"> by science channel in a series </span><b style="line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman on clicking on highlighted topic</b></div>
</div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="5d261418a71190100d0b91c24385b41b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="line-height: 1.1;">3. Do we have free will?</span></span></h4>
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="b361d60514ec5cd33c3c1090cc80a8d4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 672px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803xpk6r2tz2png/ku-xlarge.png" data-chomp-id="1803xpk6r2tz2png" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803xpk6r2tz2png/ku-xlarge.png" height="640" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="640" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803xpk6r2tz2png" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="32199d71f3e4d9748bb0258f69564a1d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<div style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6;">
Also called the dilemma of determinism, we do not know if our actions are controlled by a causal chain of preceding events (or by some other external influence), or if we're truly free agents making decisions of our own volition. Philosophers (<a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110831/full/477023a.html" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">and now some scientists</a>) have been debating this for millennia, and with no apparent end in sight. If our decision making is influenced by an endless chain of causality, then determinism is true and we don't have free will. But if the opposite is true, what's called indeterminism, then our actions must be random — what some argue is still not free will. Conversely, libertarians (no, not political libertarians, those are other people), make the case for compatibilism — the idea that free will is logically compatible with deterministic views of the universe. Compounding the problem are advances in neuroscience showing that <a data-ls-clicked="1" data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021612" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">our brains make decisions before we're even conscious of them</a>. But if we don't have free will, then why did we evolve consciousness instead of zombie-minds? Quantum mechanics makes this problem even more complicated by suggesting that we live in a universe of probability, and that determinism of any sort is impossible. And as Linas Vepstas has said, "Consciousness seems to be intimately and inescapably tied to the perception of the passage of time, and indeed, the idea that the past is fixed and perfectly deterministic, and that the future is unknowable. This fits well, because if the future were predetermined, then there'd be no free will, and no point in the participation of the passage of time."</div>
<span style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Even checkout The full documentary of " </span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://kickass.to/through-the-wormhole-s04e09-do-we-have-free-will-720p-hdtv-x264-t7655829.html" target="_blank">Do we have free will</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 15px;">" </span></span><span style="font-size: 15px;">by science channel in a series </span><b style="color: black; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman on clicking on highlighted topic</b></div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="90c1073abc68898b09a356900bd10510" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
4. Does God exist?</span></h4>
<div class="has-media media-470" data-textannotation-id="cb326f7bc857d2808dd2ba858f849709" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 18px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 336px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 300px; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-ku-medium js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803xsaua0mwejpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803xsaua0mwejpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803xsaua0mwejpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/1803xsaua0mwejpg.jpg" height="264" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 300px;" width="320" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803xsaua0mwejpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 1px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 12px; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="8b82b4dcec2fb1a349a3ed1f2b8dd62e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Simply put, we cannot know if God exists or not. Both the atheists and believers are wrong in their proclamations, and the agnostics are right. True agnostics are simply being Cartesian about it, recognizing the epistemological issues involved and the limitations of human inquiry. We do not know enough about the inner workings of the universe to make any sort of grand claim about the nature of reality and whether or not a Prime Mover exists somewhere in the background. Many people defer to naturalism — the suggestion that the universe runs according to autonomous processes — but that doesn't preclude the existence of a grand designer who set the whole thing in motion (what's called deism). And as mentioned earlier, we may live in a simulation where the hacker gods control all the variables. Or perhaps the gnostics are right and powerful beings exist in some deeper reality that we're unaware of. These aren't necessarily the omniscient, omnipotent gods of the Abrahamic traditions — but they're (hypothetically) powerful beings nonetheless. Again, these aren't scientific questions <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">per se</em> — they're more Platonic thought experiments that force us to confront the limits of human experience and inquiry.</div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="32a869e001cb646516858c6387e59efe" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
5. Is there life after death?</span></h4>
<div class="has-media media-470" data-textannotation-id="41aafb7d0f34e132cb7968f0c958be8a" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 18px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 336px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 300px; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-ku-medium js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803y0cvnw0v8jpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803y0cvnw0v8jpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803y0cvnw0v8jpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/1803y0cvnw0v8jpg.jpg" height="273" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 300px;" width="320" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803y0cvnw0v8jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 1px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 12px; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="f71059cfa4c5711c80d8a2188d93e7c9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Before everyone gets excited, this is not a suggestion that we'll all end up strumming harps on some fluffy white cloud, or find ourselves shoveling coal in the depths of Hell for eternity. Because we cannot ask the dead if there's anything on the other side, we're left guessing as to what happens next. Materialists assume that there's no life after death, but it's just that — an assumption that cannot necessarily be proven. Looking closer at the machinations of the universe (or multiverse), whether it be through a classical Newtonian/Einsteinian lens, or through the spooky filter of quantum mechanics, there's no reason to believe that we only have one shot at this thing called life. It's a question of metaphysics and the possibility that the cosmos (what Carl Sagan described as "all that is or ever was or ever will be") cycles and percolates in such a way that lives are infinitely recycled. Hans Moravec <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=56mb7XuSx3QC&source=gbs_navlinks_s&redir_esc=y" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">put it best</a> when, speaking in relation to the quantum Many Worlds Interpretation, said that non-observance of the universe is impossible; we must always find ourselves alive and observing the universe in some form or another. This is highly speculative stuff, but like the God problem, is one that science cannot yet tackle, leaving it to the philosophers.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b>AN INTRODUCTION - In the premiere episode of the second season of Through the Wormhole, Morgan Freeman dives deep into this provocative question that has mystified humans since the beginning of time.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b>Modern physics and neuroscience are venturing into this once hallowed ground, and radically changing our ideas of life after death.</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b>Freeman serves as host to this polarized debate, where scientists and spiritualist attempt to define what is consciousness, while cutting edge quantum mechanics could provide the answer to what happens when we die</b>.</span></div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="0133ba19ddd637faa6dad60dd0b4c5da" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/mpV-eOocX3Y?feature=player_detailpage" style="line-height: 1.1;" width="640"></iframe></h4>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="0133ba19ddd637faa6dad60dd0b4c5da" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<span style="color: #20124d;">
Below is the full documentary of above one "Is there life after death"</span></h4>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="0133ba19ddd637faa6dad60dd0b4c5da" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Dps0x55iltw" width="640"></iframe>
</h4>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="0133ba19ddd637faa6dad60dd0b4c5da" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
</h4>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="0133ba19ddd637faa6dad60dd0b4c5da" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
6. Can you really experience anything objectively?</h4>
<div class="has-media media-470" data-textannotation-id="872bbcc091fb1c9aa7e8b49e526851ab" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 18px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 336px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 300px; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-ku-medium js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803ycqsug9mljpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803ycqsug9mljpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803ycqsug9mljpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/1803ycqsug9mljpg.jpg" height="320" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 300px;" width="320" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803ycqsug9mljpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 1px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 12px; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="cd5a0ae4edc37ba2dccb7edec579403f" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
There's a difference between understanding the world objectively (or at least trying to, anyway) and experiencing it through an exclusively objective framework. This is essentially the problem of qualia — the notion that our surroundings can only be observed through the filter of our senses and the cogitations of our minds. Everything you know, everything you've touched, seen, and smelled, has been filtered through any number of physiological and cognitive processes. Subsequently, your subjective experience of the world is unique. In the classic example, the subjective appreciation of the color red may vary from person to person. The only way you could possibly know is if you were to somehow observe the universe from the "conscious lens" of another person in a sort of <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Being John Malkovich</em> kind of way — not anything we're likely going to be able to accomplish at any stage of our scientific or technological development. Another way of saying all this is that the universe can only be observed through a brain (or potentially a machine mind), and by virtue of that, can only be interpreted subjectively. But given that the universe appears to be coherent and (somewhat) knowable, should we continue to assume that its true objective quality can never be observed or known? It's worth noting that much of Buddhist philosophy is predicated on this fundamental limitation (what they call <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/emptiness.html" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">emptiness</a>), and a complete antithesis to Plato's idealism.</div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="4a1f7103d25dc95e15ff3ce964719e95" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
7. What is the best moral system?</h4>
<div class="has-media media-300" data-textannotation-id="57496a79004debc5f2f4951d8421c5bb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 18px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 336px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803ymvtdr92cjpg/original.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803ymvtdr92cjpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803ymvtdr92cjpg/original.jpg" height="236" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 300px;" width="229" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803ymvtdr92cjpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="d1b546ac8440d2a7a50fcaba608d17c0" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Essentially, we'll never truly be able to distinguish between "right" and "wrong" actions. At any given time in history, however, philosophers, theologians, and politicians will claim to have discovered the best way to evaluate human actions and establish the most righteous code of conduct. But it's never that easy. Life is far too messy and complicated for there to be anything like a universal morality or an absolutist ethics. The Golden Rule is great (the idea that you should treat others as you would like them to treat you), but it disregards moral autonomy and leaves no room for the imposition of justice (such as jailing criminals), and can even be used to justify oppression (Immanuel Kant was among its most staunchest critics). Moreover, it's a highly simplified rule of thumb that doesn't provision for more complex scenarios. For example, should the few be spared to save the many? Who has more moral worth: a human baby or a full-grown great ape? And as neuroscientists have shown, morality is not only a culturally-ingrained thing, it's also a part of our psychologies (the <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/trolley-problem.htm" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Trolly Problem</a> is the best demonstration of this). At best, we can only say that morality is normative, while acknowledging that our sense of right and wrong will change over time.</div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="75067f2ad9eba09666d73658e5deec59" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
8. What are numbers?</h4>
<div class="has-media media-470" data-textannotation-id="fefe9087ad59c54d5b6072337db571ee" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-right: 18px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 336px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="lightBoxWrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; max-width: 300px; position: relative;"><span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="8 Great Philosophical Questions That We&#39;ll Never Solve" class="transform-ku-medium js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803zb3wzrq5cjpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-chomp-id="1803zb3wzrq5cjpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/1803zb3wzrq5cjpg/ku-medium.jpg" data-original-src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/1803zb3wzrq5cjpg.jpg" height="320" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 300px;" width="320" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="1803zb3wzrq5cjpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 300px;"></span><span class="magnifier lightBox" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; left: 1px; line-height: 21px; min-width: 75px; position: absolute; top: 1px;"><span class="icon icon-white notranslate" style="-webkit-user-select: none; bottom: -2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: KinjaIcons; font-size: 16px; height: 16px; left: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 1px; opacity: 0.6; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 16px;">S</span><span class="text proxima" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: ProximaNovaCond; font-size: 12px; margin: 1px 5px 0px 8px; opacity: 0.6; text-transform: uppercase;">EXPAND</span></span></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="0c282225f4f63d2b871c34688a4baa5f" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
We use numbers every day, but taking a step back, what <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">are</em> they, really — and why do they do such a damn good job of helping us explain the universe (such as Newtonian laws)? Mathematical structures can consist of numbers, sets, groups, and points — but are they real objects, or do they simply describe relationships that necessarily exist in all structures? Plato argued that numbers were real (it doesn't matter that you can't "see" them), but formalists insisted that they were merely formal systems (well-defined constructions of abstract thought based on math). This is essentially an ontological problem, where we're left baffled about the true nature of the universe and which aspects of it are human constructs and which are truly tangible.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-64326468187889994862014-02-15T02:28:00.000-08:002014-02-15T02:28:12.776-08:00Do these startling longevity studies mean your lifespan could double?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<header class="mtn mbl" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px !important; margin-top: 0px !important;"><h1 class="headline hover-highlight" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 38px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Do these startling longevity studies mean your lifespan could double?</h1>
</header><br />
<div class="row post-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px -18px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="9f9b822cf65e79b49ce029a3b19319d8" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 672px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="Do these startling longevity studies mean your lifespan could double?" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/190o30fl4dzggjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" data-chomp-id="190o30fl4dzggjpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/190o30fl4dzggjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" height="320" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="640" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="190o30fl4dzggjpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span></div>
<div id="js_adsense-container" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px;">
</div>
<div class="first-text" data-textannotation-id="03f978e014360edca5e2ac8ceb7fb539" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Biologists have successfully extended the life spans of some mice by as much as 70%, leading many to believe that ongoing experimentation on our mammalian cousins will eventually lead to life-extending therapies in humans. But how reliable are these studies? And do they really apply to humans? We asked the experts.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="da1fce5e6f0e954b82003284fee12545" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Before we get into the scientific evidence, it’s important that we do a bit of reality check. Animal models, and mouse models in particular, don’t always translate well to the human realm.</div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="ee9d531c90b1c1e1833f8a332bb4c5f8" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Of mice and humans</h4>
<div data-textannotation-id="fafe161df8e37deace7a1a796e1fa75f" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
In 2006, a JAMA <a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=203577" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">study</a> concluded that, "patients and physicians should remain cautious about extrapolating the findings of prominent animal research to the care of human disease," and that "even high-quality animal studies will replicate poorly in human clinical research."</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="51787e13a0a86e2e43923ac854735e16" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
What’s more, mice are used in nearly 60% of all experiments — and perhaps even more so in life extension research. As Slate's Daniel Engber has <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_mouse_trap/2011/11/lab_mice_are_they_limiting_our_understanding_of_human_disease_.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">argued</a>, mice are among the most unreliable test subjects when it comes to approximating human biological processes. "It's not at all clear that the rise of the mouse — and the million research papers that resulted from it — has produced a revolution in public health," he has said.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="f806350a734d8b954a69180ba3bc5ea1" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Indeed, comparing the aging processes of mice to humans is a precarious proposition at best. Mice, even under the best conditions, don’t tend to live past two to three years. Clearly, humans and mice are prone to significant variations in terms of how and why they age.</div>
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="fbdd2e999918b1373678901591df261e" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 672px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="Do these startling longevity studies mean your lifespan could double?" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18m8z5g70g31sjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" data-chomp-id="18m8z5g70g31sjpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18m8z5g70g31sjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" height="289" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="640" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="18m8z5g70g31sjpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="4cdae7cfc05d85b5828057650e904fb9" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
And to further complicate the issue, there’s also the mice themselves to consider. As <a href="http://www.telome.com/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">TeloMe’s</a>Preston Estep told me, the typical lab mouse — a strain called <a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/000664.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Black 6 (C57BL/6)</a> — is by far the most widely used, and they are <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">very</em> different from wild mice in ways likely to be important for life-extension experiments. Further, <a href="http://research.jax.org/grs/type/inbred/index.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">most lab strains are very inbred and homozygous across large stretches of the genome</a>. These inbred strains have very long telomeres relative to wild mice (a significant factor in biological aging); the average telomere length of Black 6 is many times longer (50 kilobases) than in wild mice (12 kilobases).</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="c367de575f2171a3768fd33fbc739e0b" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“Some important findings have come from experimenting on Black 6 and other inbred strains, but many scientists are choosing an organism that doesn't suit the experiment,” Estep told io9. “Researchers only use these strains in life-extension-related experiments because they are cheap and widely used, which are very bad reasons to use a model organism that produces questionable data.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="5ac202bda78969c7e552947be397a05f" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Biogerontologist <a href="http://www.sens.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Aubrey de Grey</a> is also concerned about the use of mouse models.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="eba11b40526763d9c52fa1f509ceaebe" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“A mouse lives so much shorter than a human because it has much less thorough automatic, in-built damage repair machinery,” he told io9. “Mice have bigger gaps in that machinery that medicine has to fix.” Achieving radical life extension, or even indefinite aging, in a mouse, therefore, may prove to be substantially more difficult than achieving it in, say, dogs, cats, or humans.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="d71b4341689a6a80ff9b822d6d1ad3e0" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“We may never have a non-aging mouse,” says de Grey, “And I'm sure we won't have one for a long time <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">after</em> we have a non-aging human.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="4f224ccbdfa3b4e9db7db8c7d46b2dda" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Reason, an expert in longevity research and a blogger at <a href="http://www.fightaging.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Fight Aging!</a>, agrees with de Grey’s assessment.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="b7f14b69e7737a04bbbce5e7c533a2ae" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“A mouse’s life span is very plastic,” he told me. “It is to be expected that short-lived species have plastic life spans because of evolutionary selection due to famine and similar adverse circumstances. A long-lived species does not need to have as plastic a life span, because that famine lasts just as long whether you are a human or a mouse.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="8e2c8fd958b669f3e10bc2b2941b22af" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
He points to research in caloric restriction, for example, a dietary regimen that (arguably) confers life extending benefits. The present consensus is that caloric restriction extends life in mice, but not very much in primates.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="d62653cf77ef763dadc5c872062794e3" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Moreover, according to Estep, food fed to mice in the labs is basically junk food — about 70% of calories from starch and sugar. “I sometimes call typical caloric restriction experiments in mice "Cookie Restriction," he says. “It’s not surprising that some mice live longer if fed less of this stuff.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="4f1b86078abccd0a606a2133d8089a8c" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
I also spoke to Kevin Perrott, a scientific advisor for the <a href="http://www.methuselahfoundation.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Methuselah Foundation</a>, an organization that seeks to encourage life extension research, including those done on mice.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="5a42af512df1e082c83e54a480a8bf04" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“Many scientists will tell you that ‘mice are not people’ which is true of course,” he says. “It is also true that we have cured cancer many times in mice with therapies that do not work in humans, so we must be careful about saying that interventions that work in mice will be directly translatable to humans.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="aa53d6d2ecdc316571a4728a5a47e387" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
But at the same time, Perrott argues that functional life extension therapies in mice do hold prospects for human longevity. Extending the lifespan of a mouse that normally lives only three years to five by applying a treatment late in its life could capture the imagination of many.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="374558fb19dadb90acde12e073a944a8" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“In this day of the Internet, everyone would be able to view video clips of mice the equivalent of 120 human years in age — healthy, active and being social with their fellows,” he told me. “This would do something, I think, to the human psyche that would enable much more rapid development of interventions for humans, hence the reason for the <a href="http://mprize.org/?pn=mj_mprize" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Methuselah Mouse Prize</a>which is designed to create this result.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="04d71a56a7235d0f8ff85dd01a8dcc81" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Also called the Mprize, this is a science contest designed to accelerate the development of revolutionary new life extension therapies by offering cash prizes to <a href="http://mprize.org/?pagename=mj_mprize_list" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">researchers who have made breakthroughs</a> in longevity and rejuvenation research.</div>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="4607d92831aee118c3d2824b4ea51487" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Extending life spans</h4>
<div data-textannotation-id="cdee6dbfe06f561a50886684ccce1f88" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Okay, now that I’ve gone out of my way to demonstrate the limitations of experimenting on mice, here are some of the most significant life-extending interventions made to date:</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="3ef9f9198719d86cd95368175dffb8bb" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, and methionine restriction</strong>: <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/101/15/5524" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Studies have shown</a> that calorically restricted mice can have their life spans extended by as much as 40% even when the restriction is started late in life. Diets artificially low in methionine, an amino acid, produce extended longevity in mice, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glp051" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">though not to the same extent as calorie restriction</a>.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="5fec9a096f29e8e2db7879e159256751" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Telomerase enhancement</strong>: Researchers have produced several demonstrations of extended life and reduced cancer rates in mice, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053760" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">through the use of various gene therapy combinations</a>involving increased telomerase expression and extra copies of cancer suppression genes such as P53. Estep pointed me to several experiments, including <a href="http://www.tasciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Maria-A.-Blasco-Paper-on-TA-65-Accepted-on-02-09-2011.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Blasco's telomerase overexpression and TA-65-treated mice</a>, and van Duersen and colleagues' <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048312" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">clearance of senescent cells</a>. But as he reminded me, these experiments were done on Black 6 mice.</div>
<div class="has-media media-640" data-textannotation-id="8f256e115d9630f11027f75f6bccd3d9" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; width: 672px; word-break: break-word;">
<span class="img-border" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="Do these startling longevity studies mean your lifespan could double?" class="transform-original js_annotatable-image cursor-crosshair" data-asset-url="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18m907nfjngb1jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" data-chomp-id="18m907nfjngb1jpg" src="http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18m907nfjngb1jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg" height="360" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: crosshair; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="640" /></span><span class="image-annotation-footnote-wrapper" data-footnote-chomp-id="18m907nfjngb1jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 14px; position: relative; width: 636px;"></span></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="5af231bf10222646eecf4a45eb8617bf" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“Consider one example of how this might create a problem,” says Estep. “Van Duersen’s mouse was a progeria model with super-long telomeres. They have a switch that clears senescent cells and delays age-related decline, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">but</em> this might not occur to the same degree, if at all, in an organism with normal length telomeres, because unnaturally high levels of stem cell proliferation are required to replace the cleared senescent cells.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="4715cc5f7cb2043db2f43ef77c2f94f7" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
A good follow-up experiment, he says, would be to use a wild-type mouse with a switch to remove senescent cells, plus and minus a telomerase activator, to determine whether or not telomere length plays a limiting role in a mouse model with greater human relevance.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="d94f6625c4a035cbe0a68f5beb9f918c" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
You can read more about extending life spans in mice via telomerase expression <a href="http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/09/on-extending-life-in-mice-via-telomerase-expression.php" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/05/telomerase-gene-therapy-extends-life-eliminates-cancer-in-adult-mice.php" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="cbc6bff735065c5d3fd8a91c876b3264" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Over-expression of PEPCK-C</strong>: Emily Anthes, the author of <a href="http://www.amazon.ca/Frankensteins-Cat-Cuddling-Biotechs-Beasts/dp/0374158592" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Frankenstein’s Cat: Cuddling Up To Biotech’s Brave New Beasts</a>, brought this one to my attention. She wrote to me in an email:</div>
<blockquote data-textannotation-id="e6a57a1f1d73574b1575038f1fce8d60" style="background-color: white; border-left-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 19px 18px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 16px 35px; width: 624.953125px;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"></strong>Essentially, what scientists did was engineer mice that made elevated levels of PEPCK-C, a metabolic enzyme involved in glucose production, in their muscles. The most noticeable effect was the rodents' supercharged endurance — the animals were dubbed "marathon mice" because they could run 25 times farther than their unmodified counterparts. But this single genetic tweak had other effects, as well, including adding two years to the animals' life spans — a significant boost for creatures that normally only live a few years to begin with. And interestingly, the modified female mice also remained fertile for twice as long as "normal" mice.</blockquote>
<div data-textannotation-id="55abd00c0cf0571596cb26b9051115b2" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Growth hormone knockout, IGF-1 and insulin signalling manipulation</strong>: A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536017" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">breed of dwarf mouse that entirely lacks growth hormone</a> is the present winner of the Mprize for longevity, living 60-70% longer than the competition's standard laboratory mouse species. This may be a demonstration that insulin signalling and IGF-1 — intimately bound up with growth hormone — are very important to the operations of metabolism that determine life span. Unfortunately, these dwarf mice are not very robust; they’re healthy and active, but they wouldn't survive outside the laboratory or without good care due to their low body temperature.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="9ca797f4fcb7f18f4438771c538e84c0" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Inactivating the CLK-1 gene</strong>: By <a href="http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2005/10/greater-underst.php" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">reducing the activity of the mitochondria-associated gene CLK-1</a> (thereby lowering the amount of protein generated) mice longevity was boosted by about 30%. This may be one of the many interventions to work through its effects on mitochondria, the cell's power plants — <a href="http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2006/10/how-age-damaged-mitochondria-cause-your-cells-to-damage-you.php" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">and a very important factor in aging</a>. In <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00232-008-9108-6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">another mitochondria-related study</a>, Russian researchers demonstrated a form of antioxidant, SkQ, that can be targeted to the mitochondria even when ingested, again boosting life span in mice by about 30%.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="5b3c6b729300ea10c1f2d7507950b2e5" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Genetic manipulation to target catalase to the mitochondria</strong>: By using either gene therapy or genetic engineering, <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/308/5730/1909.short" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">researchers have shown</a> that levels of a naturally produced antioxidant catalase can be increased in the mitochondria. This increases mouse life span, presumably by soaking up some portion of the free radicals produced by mitochondria before they can cause damage.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="841fb72fcc1709e13b8c1d91abac12d7" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
In addition to these experiments, researchers have also extended the lives of mice via:</div>
<ul style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; position: relative;">
<li data-textannotation-id="b68535a8f55908f0f559362bae66e4e2" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00328.x/full" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Genetic deletion of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A)</a></li>
<li data-textannotation-id="8f8a226c53b294b13c8ef212eebb55c9" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867407006770" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Knockout of the adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5) gene</a></li>
<li data-textannotation-id="502571b6ce4d99aa8b639cbb984e2614" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556505001531" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Metformin used as a calorie restriction mimetic drug</a></li>
<li data-textannotation-id="9370b7a248ff1c00b8d7e14167ec63ed" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;"><a href="http://www.jbc.org/content/279/30/31891.short" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">FIRKO, or fat-specific insulin receptor knock-out mice</a></li>
<li data-textannotation-id="68bc08a38c07dbdffd4272eeaf4d972d" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363902?dopt=AbstractPlus" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Removal of visceral fat by surgery</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 data-textannotation-id="f78eb2f63329e103cb36b8ec47f54994" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: ProximaNovaCond, serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 16px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Looking ahead</h4>
<div data-textannotation-id="1db4800a91a3d532a0cfeea0996caad6" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Now, as interesting as these studies appear, and after considering the limitations of mouse models, such approaches are unlikely to herald the future of life-extending therapies in humans.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="2bb41bd7149dbd322ec32462b6a941c9" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“Virtually everything demonstrated to date to extend life in mice has been a form of gene therapy or metabolic manipulation,” says Reason, “It changes the pace of aging, but isn't rejuvenation.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="1a0ca186efe7d72fa7a1e957a17eaa60" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
His conjecture is that the research community will never get much past the 100% life extension for mice, with the current outer limit settling around 60-70% for growth hormone receptor knockout mice.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="c72f5944451d0bb50fe098794d19d590" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“To create longer lives, you need to work on rejuvenation attainted by repairing the cell- and tissue-level damage that causes aging, not just finding ways to gently slow aging by slowing down the pace at which that damage accumulates,” he told me. “The future of mouse longevity is <a href="http://www.sens.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">SENS</a> (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence), which is a radically different approach to any of the work currently extending life in mice.”</div>
</div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/9Gbi9Ts0WTY?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe>
<br />
<div data-textannotation-id="8e66b49445ab2adf846457bc90898101" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Indeed, Aubrey de Grey, the scientist who devised <a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23037635" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">the SENS model</a>, has isolated seven basic areas:</div>
<ul style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; position: relative;">
<li data-textannotation-id="2d18dfb2b6c992ea535533a619d893fc" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;">Cell loss or atrophy (without replacement)</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="f2ea7cc5852bbba1f1597551690aeb55" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;">Oncogenic nuclear mutations and epimutations</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="4db71575089afe9c7d66f975796cc97c" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;">Cell senescence (Death-resistant cells)</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="daed3bb26952b13fae057af71ff33d37" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;">Mitochondrial mutations</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="1e5661e51c31cd3d037e2be2dea14fb7" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;">Intracellular junk or junk inside cells</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="f2a02bc04b0524b268d5493013bdf196" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;">Extracellular junk or junk outside cells</li>
<li data-textannotation-id="eb15bb7a44bdbd3260e1037c11edfc27" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px;">Random extracellular cross-linking</li>
</ul>
<div data-textannotation-id="ff3219b870ce98bb7c8853023cc2c9ac" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
So, when working with mice, de Grey talks about applying this approach to the “<a data-ls-seen="1" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/degrey07/degrey07_index.html" sl-processed="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #c34b9e; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">robust mouse rejuvenation</a>” model — a kind of bootstrapping technique to radical life extension.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="44bc54fd424b0affb7ac2d7a51bf65b0" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“This could be done by taking a naturally long-lived strain of mice — let’s say with an average longevity of three years — doing nothing at all to them until they are already two, and then doing stuff that adds two more years of healthy life, so that they die at five on average,” he told io9.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="85d378829c789fb501761d52beee48cd" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“Eight or nine years ago I used to say that that was probably 10 years away, subject to funding,” he says. “Now I think it's maybe seven years away. So we've gone roughly a third as fast as I'd hoped — but actually we've gone about as fast as I'd have expected with the funding that has actually been available.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="e94ab3a5aa31ca915dcf08a144a2e068" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Kevin Perrott agrees.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="f903e522e51157895dd28f1b4599b99c" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“The barriers to radical human life-extension are not technological, nature has already engineered organisms able to live centuries so the methods are there to be found,” he says. “The main barrier is lack of public awareness of the pace of development and what is possible in the lifetimes of many alive today. Those of us who are aware of the exponential progress that could lead to interventions in degenerative disease and their applicability to the suffering of our fellows, need to communicate what we know to others and share our thoughts on the possibilities. Hope leads to action, and hope for a better world is not something we should keep to ourselves.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="52df603da0187f0f4e5565e5c3eccdfc" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
More cautiously, Estep believes that some important findings have come from experimenting on mice like Black 6 and other inbred strains, but he feels that many biologists aren’t going about it in the right way.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="05f55b713ff16ae5280f0c74b861458b" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“This and other complications make the Mprize fraught with many difficulties and challenges,” he says. “It would be ideal to limit the competitions (both longevity and rejuvenation) to wild strains that have been engineered using methods that at least <em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">might</em> be used directly in humans, but this is a very tough call.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="4cd2d19dc16915f0a7bfe7322e2e7c1b" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
Estep, who appreciates the work being done by the Mprize, understands the motivation to keep it more open but, as one example, the switch used in the van Duersen mice can't be used in already living humans.</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="4c68383828f9bcd59a6906814d99869b" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
“I fear that over time the prize might get an increasing number of entries that feature engineered mechanisms that aren't portable to people already alive.”</div>
<div data-textannotation-id="205a1275c4ede0c4cc85c8127bbdfbeb" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Special thanks to Aubrey de Grey, Reason, Preston Estep, Kevin Perrott, and Emily Anthes for helping me with this article.</em></div>
<div data-textannotation-id="205a1275c4ede0c4cc85c8127bbdfbeb" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 19px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px 18px; word-break: break-word;">
<em style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Source: io9</em></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-67708615095672180142014-02-08T21:16:00.000-08:002014-02-08T21:16:01.220-08:00The FDA recently approved PillCam, a new ingestible camera that could replace colonscopies used in screening of Colon Cancer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><b>The FDA recently approved PillCam, the tiny pill-size </b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><b>camera you swallow instead of a normal colonoscopy. </b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><b>This is a video of it travelling through a colon.</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCts6hDZFrolZRJLAWBKvi9IitEg83kytdvcO1rTZ_Vh0eYrxs4wCjyCD86zCuBPn-AAo-Z036MBIM5kCjdE19MYqh62E3xHdiKUSmPcmKq-XBikcqNilC1vviFXD-StwADhLVXAUchFA/s1600/pill+cam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCts6hDZFrolZRJLAWBKvi9IitEg83kytdvcO1rTZ_Vh0eYrxs4wCjyCD86zCuBPn-AAo-Z036MBIM5kCjdE19MYqh62E3xHdiKUSmPcmKq-XBikcqNilC1vviFXD-StwADhLVXAUchFA/s1600/pill+cam.jpg" height="411" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white;">Out of all preventative medial procedures, none are quite as dreaded as a colonoscopy. However, a new ingestible camera could not only replace the procedure altogether, it </span><span style="background-color: yellow;">could make getting screened for colon cancer a much more comfortable experience.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
Recently cleared by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA), the “PillCam” is a swallowable device equipped with two mini cameras that take high-speed photos as it winds its way through the digestive system over the course of ten hours. Images are then transmitted to a recording device worn around the patients waist, where doctors can review the photos for any polyps or early signs of colon cancer.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
Made by Given Imaging, the PillCam is intended for the estimated 750,000 U.S. patients who are unable to undergo the traditional colonoscopy, due to anatomy, previous surgeries or colon diseases. Eventually, the device could be an option for those who would rather not endure the original procedure, which involves probing the intestine with a thin, flexible, four-foot long tube that has a camera on the end.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
Patients will neither get shafted in the rear end nor their wallets. The PillCam costs $500 — significantly cheaper than the a $4,000 going rate for a colonoscopy.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
But MorningStar analyst Debbie Wang <a href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/fda-approves-pill-camera-screen-colon" style="color: #115a7c; text-decoration: none;">told the AP</a> that Given Imaging is cleverly marketing the device as another instrument in a gastrointestinal specialist’s tool box, rather as direct competitor to current procedures.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
“Given’s management understands that the traditional colonoscopy is the gastroenterologist’s bread and butter right now,” Wang said. “So they didn’t want to do anything that would position this as a substitute.”</div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/lV8wzVZPwYM" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<b>Also <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 17px;">The PillCam Colon is made by Israeli company Given Imaging, and uses a battery-powered camera to take high-speed photos of the intestinal tract over the course of eight hours that are transmitted wirelessly to a recording device.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 17px;"> Below in this Video you can watch out the risk factor than can be arises due to the use of PillCam</span></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/CUBEtz5mKik?feature=player_detailpage" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Even watch out animation of this PillCam..below.. How it is Ingested & follow the path of digestive Tract giving the wonderful & awesome Images of your Digestive tract especially used for screening Colon Cancer great alternative to colonscopy. It has some risk factor ..but we predict in Near future all this will be eradicate</b><br />
<b>It's really an Marvelous invention</b><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/PpAsxVME8a8" width="640"></iframe></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-50118890246648258522014-02-07T19:07:00.000-08:002014-02-07T19:13:11.215-08:00This sponge-filled syringe can plug a gunshot wound in just 15 seconds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 32px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 4px;">
How A Simple New Invention Seals A Gunshot Wound In 15 Seconds</h1>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjalIr2dJANUWb0vLnJK-qen0r65tfyKENN6Ipkps0FHm6w8veN9x8A8V_0Dhyphenhyphen2tatH1yFKxmYofsmszSEZvvQoEuBK1s2B5uKr1YBD5c8SjyeMRVYgVuXK-7MqmaPx9ZUGZAd7ofgAg0s/s1600/gunshot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjalIr2dJANUWb0vLnJK-qen0r65tfyKENN6Ipkps0FHm6w8veN9x8A8V_0Dhyphenhyphen2tatH1yFKxmYofsmszSEZvvQoEuBK1s2B5uKr1YBD5c8SjyeMRVYgVuXK-7MqmaPx9ZUGZAd7ofgAg0s/s1600/gunshot.jpg" height="403" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; text-align: start;">First responders have to work quickly when treating gun shot wounds. To help them, a U.S. company has developed a syringe that pumps expandable tablet-sized sponges into the wound, blocking it while the patient is being transported to ER.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">When a soldier is shot on the battlefield, the emergency treatment can seem as brutal as the injury itself. A medic must pack gauze directly into the wound cavity, sometimes as deep as 5 inches into the body, to stop bleeding from an artery. It’s an agonizing process that doesn't always work--if bleeding hasn't stopped after three minutes of applying direct pressure, the medic must pull out all the gauze and start over again. It’s so painful, “you take the guy’s gun away first,” says former U.S. Army Special Operations medic John Steinbaugh.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
Even with this emergency treatment, many soldiers still bleed to death; <a href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-06/amazing-tourniquet-invention-saves-two-lives" style="color: #0068a5; text-decoration: none;">hemorrhage</a> is a <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795876" style="color: #0068a5; text-decoration: none;">leading cause of death</a> on the battlefield. "Gauze bandages just don't work for anything serious," says Steinbaugh, who tended to injured soldiers during more than a dozen deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. When Steinbaugh retired in April 2012 after a head injury, he joined an Oregon-based startup called RevMedx, a small group of veterans, scientists, and engineers who were working on a better way to stop bleeding.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE5TfYOKyDS0bChM89G1DbC88hBoia0BPn5ZxWxM-IKJKZf1MV4DuUji8aM5cEybvu5PYqBXl_Wmj4f1FlI-u0C2nL7_eH8xLxKwPCyGX-oA0FfwWiqy6RcesEXdm-AAnY11BEIZwlsiw/s1600/original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE5TfYOKyDS0bChM89G1DbC88hBoia0BPn5ZxWxM-IKJKZf1MV4DuUji8aM5cEybvu5PYqBXl_Wmj4f1FlI-u0C2nL7_eH8xLxKwPCyGX-oA0FfwWiqy6RcesEXdm-AAnY11BEIZwlsiw/s1600/original.jpg" height="400" width="246" /></a><a href="http://www.revmedx.com/#!xstat-dressing/c2500" target="_blank">RevMedx</a> recently asked the FDA to approve a pocket-size invention: a modified syringe that injects specially coated sponges into wounds. Called XStat, the device could boost survival and spare injured soldiers from additional pain by plugging wounds faster and more efficiently than gauze. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
The team’s early efforts were inspired by Fix-a-Flat foam for repairing tires. “That’s what we pictured as the perfect solution: something you could spray in, it would expand, and bleeding stops,” says Steinbaugh. “But we found that blood pressure is so high, blood would wash the foam right out.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
So the team tried a new idea: sponges. They bought some ordinary sponges from a hardware store and cut them into 1-centimeter circles, a size and shape they chose on a whim but later would discover were ideal for filling wounds. Then, they injected the bits of sponge into an animal injury. “The bleeding stopped,” says Steinbaugh. “Our eyes lit up. We knew we were onto something.” After seeing early prototypes, the U.S. Army gave the team $5 million to develop a finished product.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
But kitchen sponges aren’t exactly safe to inject into the body. The final material would need to be sterile, biocompatible, and fast-expanding. The team settled on a sponge made from wood pulp and coated with chitosan, a blood-clotting, antimicrobial substance that comes from shrimp shells. To ensure that no sponges would be left inside the body accidentally, they added X-shaped markers that make each sponge visible on an x-ray image.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="color: #fe4e8c; float: right; font-family: Sommet, 'Black Italic', sans-serif; line-height: 1; margin: 5px 0.5em 0.25em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 211.875px;">“By the time you put a bandage over the wound, the bleeding has already stopped.”</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
The sponges work fast: In just 15 seconds, they expand to fill the entire wound cavity, creating enough pressure to stop heavy bleeding. And because the sponges cling to moist surfaces, they aren’t pushed back out of the body by gushing blood. “By the time you even put a bandage over the wound, the bleeding has already stopped,” Steinbaugh says.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
Getting the sponges into a wound, however, proved to be tricky. On the battlefield, medics must carry all their gear with them, along with heavy body armor. RevMedx needed a lightweight, compact way to get the sponges deep into an injury. The team worked with Portland-based design firm Ziba to create a 30 millimeter-diameter, polycarbonate syringe that stores with the handle inside to save space. To use the applicator, a medic pulls out the handle, inserts the cylinder into the wound, and then pushes the plunger back down to inject the sponges as close to the artery as possible.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
</div>
<div class="media media-element-container media-default media-left" style="background-color: white; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 8px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 100%;">
<img alt="" class="media-element file-default attr__typeof__foaf:Image img__fid__195338 img__view_mode__default attr__format__default attr__title__ attr__data-image_style__image_full unveil-processed loaded full-visible" data-image_style="image_full" src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/image_full/public/2.jpg?itok=Be2FLRlc" data-src="http://www.popsci.com/sites/popsci.com/files/styles/image_full/public/2.jpg?itok=Be2FLRlc" height="" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); display: block; height: 224px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out; width: 200px;" title="" typeof="foaf:Image" width="0" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
Three single-use XStat applicators would replace five bulky rolls of gauze in a medic’s kit. RevMedx also designed a smaller version of the applicator, with a diameter of 12 millimeters, for narrower injuries. Each XStat will likely cost about $100, Steinbaugh says, but the price may go down as RevMedx boosts manufacturing. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
If the FDA approves XStat, it will be the first battlefield dressing created specifically for deep, narrow wounds. Gauze, the standard treatment for gunshot and shrapnel injuries, is only approved by the FDA for external use, but “everyone knows that if you get shot, you have to pack gauze into the wound,” says Steinbaugh. When RevMedx submitted its application to the FDA, the U.S. Army attached a cover letter requesting expedited approval. According to Steinbaugh, RevMedx and the military are now in final discussions with the FDA. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
Last summer, RevMedx and Oregon Health and Science University won a <a href="http://www.savinglivesatbirth.net/news/13/07/31/press-release-round-3-award-nominees-announced" style="color: #0068a5; text-decoration: none;">seed grant</a>, sponsored by The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, to develop a version of XStat to stop postpartum bleeding. In the future, RevMedx hopes to create biodegradable sponges that don’t have to be removed from the body. To cover large injuries, like those caused by land mines, the team is working on an expanding gauze made of the same material as XStat sponges.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
“I spent the whole war on terror in the Middle East, so I know what a medic needs when someone has been shot, ” Steinbaugh says. “I’ve treated lots of guys who would have benefitted from this product. That’s what drives me.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">
Source : <a href="http://www.popsci.com/article/technology/how-simple-new-invention-seals-gunshot-wound-15-seconds" target="_blank">Popular Science</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-1624710516157895782014-02-01T22:12:00.000-08:002014-02-01T22:12:01.758-08:00Sugar-powered biobattery has 10 times the energy storage of lithium: <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="color: #323232; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 7px; position: relative;">
Sugar-powered biobattery has 10 times the energy storage of lithium: Your smartphone might soon run on enzymes</h2>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkcOZen7vtQM2gbm50DsLsjYCyCxGpPSpUcmX7adU0E0dZn2qcQraC_v-vG1VZJ4VT04fa48PaSGJnc1pqtJxA-5alEUDIrF7pD9RlXjUvPwCQjl96zHKYxCA9m7o3T1FCT7cWRHbg30/s1600/bio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkcOZen7vtQM2gbm50DsLsjYCyCxGpPSpUcmX7adU0E0dZn2qcQraC_v-vG1VZJ4VT04fa48PaSGJnc1pqtJxA-5alEUDIrF7pD9RlXjUvPwCQjl96zHKYxCA9m7o3T1FCT7cWRHbg30/s1600/bio.jpg" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
As you probably know, from sucking down cans of Coke and masticating on candy, sugar — glucose, fructose, sucrose, dextrose — is an excellent source of energy. Biologically speaking, sugar molecules are energy-dense, easy to transport, and cheap to digest. There is a reason why almost every living cell on Earth generates its energy (ATP) from glucose. Now, researchers at Virginia Tech have successfully created a sugar-powered fuel cell that has an energy storage density of 596 amp-hours per kilo — or “one order of magnitude” higher than lithium-ion batteries. This fuel cell is refillable with a solution of maltodextrin, and its only by products are electricity and water. The chief researcher, Y.H. Percival Zhang, says the tech could be commercialized in as soon as three years.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Now, it’s not exactly news that sugar is an excellent energy source. As a culture we’ve probably known about it since before we were <em>Homo sapiens</em>. The problem is, unless you’re a living organism or some kind of incendiary device, extracting that energy is difficult. In nature, an enzymatic pathway is used — a production line of tailor-made enzymes that meddle with the glucose molecules until they become ATP. Because it’s easy enough to produce enzymes in large quantities, researchers have tried to create fuel cells that use artificial “metabolism” to break down glucose into electricity (biobatteries), but it has historically proven very hard to find the right pathway for maximum efficiency and to keep the enzymes in the right place over a long period of time.</div>
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_175157" style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; width: 650px;">
<a href="http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/enzymatic-fuel-cell-diagram.jpg" style="color: #b1700a; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Enzymatic fuel cell diagram" class="size-large wp-image-175157" height="354" src="http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/enzymatic-fuel-cell-diagram-640x354.jpg" style="border-style: none;" width="640" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="color: #666666; font-family: helvetica, arial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px; padding: 10px 0px;">
A diagram of the enzymatic fuel cell. The little Pac-Man things are enzymes.</div>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Now, however, Zhang and friends at Virginia Tech appear to have built a high-density fuel cell that uses an enzymatic pathway to create a lot of electricity from glucose. There doesn’t seem to be much information on how stable this biobattery is over multiple refills, but if Zhang thinks it could be commercialized in three years, that’s a very good sign. Curiously, the research paper says that the enzymes are non-immobilized — meaning Zhang found a certain battery chemistry that doesn’t require the enzymes to be kept in place… or, alternatively, that it will only work for a very short time.</div>
<div class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_175158" style="color: #333333; float: right; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; padding-left: 10px; width: 254px;">
<a href="http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ncomms4026-f4.jpg" style="color: #b1700a; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Energy densities of various battery types" class="size-full wp-image-175158" height="200" src="http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ncomms4026-f4.jpg" style="border-style: none;" width="244" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="color: #666666; font-family: helvetica, arial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px; padding: 10px 0px;">
Energy densities of various battery types. “15% Maltodextrin”, in dark blue, is the battery being discussed here.</div>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
The Virginia Tech biobattery uses 13 enzymes, plus air (it’s an air-breathing biobattery), to produce nearly 24 electrons from a single glucose unit. This equates to a power output of 0.8 mW/cm, current density of 6 mA/cm, and energy storage density of 596 Ah/kg. This last figure is impressive, at roughly 10 times the energy density of the lithium-ion batteries in your mobile devices. [Research paper: <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140121/ncomms4026/full/ncomms4026.html" style="color: #b1700a; text-decoration: none;">doi:10.1038/ncomms4026</a> - "A high-energy-density sugar biobattery based on a synthetic enzymatic pathway"]</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
If Zhang’s biobatteries pan out, you might soon be recharging your smartphone by pouring in a solution of 15% maltodextrin. That battery would not only be very safe (it produces water and electricity), but very cheap to run and very green. This seems to fit in perfectly with Zhang’s homepage, which talks about how his main goals in life are replacing crude oil with sugar, and feeding the world.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
The other area in which biobatteries might be useful is powering implanted devices, such as pacemakers — or, in the future, <a href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/170112-brave-idiot-transhumanist-pioneer-self-implants-a-computer-into-his-arm" style="color: #b1700a; text-decoration: none;">subcutaneous sensors and computers</a>. Such a biobattery could <a href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/130923-mit-creates-glucose-fuel-cell-to-power-implanted-brain-computer-interfaces" style="color: #b1700a; text-decoration: none;">feed on the glucose in your bloodstream</a>, providing an endless supply of safe electricity for the myriad implants that futuristic technocrats will surely have.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: ProximaNovaRgRegular, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Source: <a href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/175137-sugar-powered-biobattery-has-10-times-the-energy-storage-of-lithium-your-smartphone-might-soon-run-on-enzymes" target="_blank">Extreme Tech</a></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-73224459573311454642014-01-31T20:58:00.000-08:002014-01-31T21:09:24.387-08:00Cellular Surgeons: The New Era of Nanomedicine<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: orange;">
Cellular Surgeons: The New Era of Nanomedicine</span></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikNX6YFKlNtlNFOCWf07lL3AALDwV45CNNRVMWC1bmaCD3nFpwLE89atYUHiM3Nc5AjtvE_yYPrA0josC_mQchzk0IjTJgi6Pr14Dnclnok_1RYEwp_hyphenhyphenb0o_jpgXJtv9D0I68MbqLvMU/s1600/nanosciencefinal275x275-232x232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikNX6YFKlNtlNFOCWf07lL3AALDwV45CNNRVMWC1bmaCD3nFpwLE89atYUHiM3Nc5AjtvE_yYPrA0josC_mQchzk0IjTJgi6Pr14Dnclnok_1RYEwp_hyphenhyphenb0o_jpgXJtv9D0I68MbqLvMU/s1600/nanosciencefinal275x275-232x232.jpg" height="320" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: 13px;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="line-height: 23.399999618530273px;">The New Era of Nano-medicine.” Three prominent nanotechnology researchers discussed the direction of their highly complicated field, keeping the language at a level that non-scientists could understand. You can find the hour and a half long discussion </span></span></span>here<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: georgia, serif; line-height: 23.399999618530273px; text-indent: 13px;">. The technologies discussed could eventually revolutionize many medical fields including neuroscience.</span></b><br />
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">
<b>Pills the size of molecules to seek and destroy tumors. Miniscule robots performing surgery inside patients with a precision never before achieved. Nanobots, a billionth of a meter across, fixing mutations in DNA, or repairing neurons in your brain. Such are the possibilities as medicine enters the nano-era. Join leading researchers who are pushing these frontiers, to learn of new cures in the coming nano-revolution and possible risks of the molecular E.R.</b></div>
</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9T3iqwlcEpmzxuXVlgLGSX0-xsZN3dK_3djOWfqRIiGf1F38cPQrmzmbnJWcnJZr6kdRYA4NaQb81jvVusEi6T6jUNbnIsA142bI29-EpWyJSEkDwkV2IGculUiwaF3jRdfg4NzEyoE/s1600/worldscience.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9T3iqwlcEpmzxuXVlgLGSX0-xsZN3dK_3djOWfqRIiGf1F38cPQrmzmbnJWcnJZr6kdRYA4NaQb81jvVusEi6T6jUNbnIsA142bI29-EpWyJSEkDwkV2IGculUiwaF3jRdfg4NzEyoE/s1600/worldscience.jpg" /></a></div>
<i style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></i>
<i style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This program was part of “The Big, the Small, and the Complex,” a series exploring the latest developments in Astrophysics, Nanoscience, and Neuroscience—fields recognized by <b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Kavli Prize</b>. Sponsored by <b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Kavli Foundation</b>, the <b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</b>, and the <b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Royal Norwegian Consulate General</b>.</i><br />
<i style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></i>
<i style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></i></div>
</div>
</div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/72o0_7H8SGc?feature=player_embedded" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Watch the excerpt above, or check out the </span><a href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/videos/cellular_surgeons_the_new_era_of_nanomedicine" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(248, 206, 204); color: #ee2e24; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">full program</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> of Cellular Surgeons: The New Era of Nanomedicine below here</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<iframe class="wsftv-player" frameborder="0" height="329" src="http://worldsciencefestival.com/videos/embedded/2561" type="text/html" width="528"></iframe><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In case If you don't find the full Program at above here. You can check out at YouTube Video which I'm providing below down here</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/0hTL2wMzS80?feature=player_detailpage" width="640"></iframe><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Source:</span></b> <a href="http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/events/cellular_surgeons" target="_blank">World Science Festival</a> </span><br />
<b>Even you can checkout Full Program here on this source link at livestream in original form as YouTube Video is record one by one of candidate present their. so you may Face some distraction in between this video.</b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5030636883212009427.post-21484624243561465982014-01-30T05:14:00.005-08:002014-01-30T05:18:12.558-08:00Groundbreaking Discovery : Embryonic Stem Cells Made With Acid<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="story-header" style="background-color: white; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.461em; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 34px; margin: 3px -160px 13px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 623px;">
<span style="color: #20124d;">Stem cell 'major discovery' claimed</span></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5eIb3ANMkZQ98Mf2oMCRVn43y5M0UYLqKJsfgzClwzHKgCsW0ymhf3R1MLqfsjBHW11zcj2niKVZkFDANs3GJu7bIDdyXv6ITF4E7DeBIVxXRwx1NslaPkhX7BsTvIlE3x805J01_IY/s1600/em.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5eIb3ANMkZQ98Mf2oMCRVn43y5M0UYLqKJsfgzClwzHKgCsW0ymhf3R1MLqfsjBHW11zcj2niKVZkFDANs3GJu7bIDdyXv6ITF4E7DeBIVxXRwx1NslaPkhX7BsTvIlE3x805J01_IY/s1600/em.jpg" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
This is big.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #383838; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
Scientists have found a way to create embryonic stem cells without using an embryo or without introducing genetic material. The discovery could revolutionize medicine by giving doctors a way to repair diseased and damaged tissue — think heart disease, blindness, skin burns — with organs and tissue grown from the patient’s own cells.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1" style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Stem cell researchers are heralding a "major scientific discovery", with the potential to start a new age of personalised medicine.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Scientists in Japan showed stem cells can now be made quickly just by dipping blood cells into acid.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Stem cells can transform into any tissue and are already being trialled for healing the eye, heart and brain.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
The latest development, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12968" style="color: #4a7194; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;">published in the journal Nature</a>, could make the technology cheaper, faster and safer.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
The human body is built of cells with a specific role - nerve cells, liver cells, muscle cells - and that role is fixed.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
However, stem cells can become any other type of cell, and they have become a major field of research in medicine for their potential to regenerate the body.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Embryos are one, ethically charged, source of stem cells. Nobel prize winning research also showed that skin cells could be "genetically reprogrammed" to become stem cells (termed induced pluripotent stem cells).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGpIokSCf7Ba1InCPqCYBGx3Y1LIoC1dy_6rqI76bbmSbD2iUQlpDerCza5u4Oh1ZnfLzM2SF9_c00FQ_xoofu1drXIgagVHqbxKfNfzVhCCRVzCIZkOACBO_OscnsH0rz-15uxycs0jY/s1600/stem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGpIokSCf7Ba1InCPqCYBGx3Y1LIoC1dy_6rqI76bbmSbD2iUQlpDerCza5u4Oh1ZnfLzM2SF9_c00FQ_xoofu1drXIgagVHqbxKfNfzVhCCRVzCIZkOACBO_OscnsH0rz-15uxycs0jY/s1600/stem.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
<br /></div>
<span class="cross-head" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="color: #20124d;">Acid bath</span></span><div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Now a study shows that shocking blood cells with acid could also trigger the transformation into stem cells - this time termed STAP (stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency) cells.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Dr Haruko Obokata, from the Riken Centre for Developmental Biology in Japan, said she was "really surprised" that cells could respond to their environment in this way.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
She added: "It's exciting to think about the new possibilities these findings offer us, not only in regenerative medicine, but cancer as well."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
The breakthrough was achieved in mouse blood cells, but research is now taking place to achieve the same results with human blood.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Chris Mason, professor of regenerative medicine at University College London, said if it also works in humans then "the age of personalised medicine would have finally arrived."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
He told the BBC: "I thought - 'my God that's a game changer!' It's a very exciting, but surprise, finding.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
"It looks a bit too good to be true, but the number of experts who have reviewed and checked this, I'm sure that it is.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
"If this works in people as well as it does in mice, it looks faster, cheaper and possibly safer than other cell reprogramming technologies - personalised reprogrammed cell therapies may now be viable."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
For age-related macular degeneration, which causes sight loss, it takes 10 months to go from a patient's skin sample to a therapy that could be injected into their eye -and at huge cost.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Prof Mason said weeks could be knocked off that time which would save money, as would cheaper components.</div>
<span class="cross-head" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.231em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="color: #20124d;">'Revolutionary'</span></span><div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
The finding has been described as "remarkable" by the Medical Research Council's Prof Robin Lovell-Badge and as "a major scientific discovery" by Dr Dusko Ilic, a reader in stem cell science at Kings College London.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
Dr Ilic added: "The approach is indeed revolutionary.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
"It will make a fundamental change in how scientists perceive the interplay of environment and genome."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
But he added: "It does not bring stem cell-based therapy closer. We will need to use the same precautions for the cells generated in this way as for the cells isolated from embryos or reprogrammed with a standard method."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
And Prof Lovell-Badge said: "It is going to be a while before the nature of these cells are understood, and whether they might prove to be useful for developing therapies, but the really intriguing thing to discover will be the mechanism underlying how a low pH shock triggers reprogramming - and why it does not happen when we eat lemon or vinegar or drink cola?"</div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Read More on</b></span><span style="color: #333333;">: 1.<a href="http://news.discovery.com/tech/biotechnology/groundbreaking-embryonic-stem-cells-made-with-acid-140129.htm" target="_blank"> http://news.discovery.com/tech/biotechnology/groundbreaking-embryonic-stem-cells-made-with-acid-140129.html</a></span></div>
<h2 itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: ProximaNova-Semibold, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #351c75; font-size: small;">2. <a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39025/title/New-Method-for-Reprogramming-Cells/" target="_blank">New Method for Reprogramming Cells</a></span></h2>
<div class="summary" itemprop="description" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16.5px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #351c75; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39025/title/New-Method-for-Reprogramming-Cells/" target="_blank">An external stressor, such as low pH or a mechanical squeeze, can send differentiated mouse cells back to a pluripotent state.</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helmet, Freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.077em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00432891936895429624noreply@blogger.com0